Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

rity (DHS) professionals, EPIC has since expanded into a national

drug intelligence center supporting U.S. law enforcement entities that

focus on worldwide drug smuggling.

ENIGMA.Enigma was a cipher machine used by Nazi Germany in the

interwar years and during World War II. Originally designed by Dr.

Arthur Scherbius to protect business secrets, the Nazi government

employed it in military and diplomatic communications. The Polish

government initially broke the German cipher in 1932, but the Ger-

mans redesigned the machine to produce a large number of combina-

tions (around 150 million million million) and, therefore, considered

it unbreakable. The British navy acquired an Enigma machine during

the early stages of the war and was able to break its secrets. The in-

tercepts derived from Enigma were given the code name ULTRA.

Experts credit turning the tide of the war against Germany to break-

ing the secrets of the Enigma machine.

ESPIONAGE.SeeHUMAN INTELLIGENCE.

ESTIMATIVE INTELLIGENCE.Estimative intelligence is a cate-

gory of intelligence analysisthat attempts to project probable future

developments and their implications for U.S. interests. In essence, es-

timative intelligence comprises judgments about a region, country, or

issue covering the near future, perhaps up to a year. The national in-

telligence estimates (NIEs) produced by the National Intelligence

Council (NIC) are the principal, but not the only, estimative products

of American intelligence.

EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) 11905.Issued on 18 February 1976, EO

11905 enhanced the position of the director of central intelligence

(DCI) in the White House hierarchy and named the DCI chair of the

Committee on Foreign Intelligence of the National Security Council

(NSC). It also replaced the Forty (40) Committeewith an Operations

Advisory Groupcomposed of cabinet-level officials to review and ap-

prove covert actions. Finally, EO 11905 created the Intelligence Over-

sight Board (IOB), composed of three private individuals, to review the

propriety and legality of intelligence activities. See alsoPRESIDENT’S

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE ADVISORYBOARD.

EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) 11905•65

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