feeding the Western intelligence services false information. Reports also
indicate that the Soviets used transmissions into the tunnel to reassure
the West that Moscow did not intend to launch a first-strike nuclear at-
tack. Moscow finally dug up the tunnel in 1961, not long before the
British identified George Blake as a Soviet agent.GOLDWATER-NICHOLS ACT OF 1986. The Goldwater-Nichols
Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 reorganized and
streamlined the entire American military establishment. The act ele-
vated the role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff(JCS) chairman by desig-
nating him, not the entire JCS as a corporate body, the principal ad-
visor to the president, the secretary of state, and the National
Security Council(NSC). The legislation specifically spelled out the
national security chain of command as running from the president to
the secretary of defense to the field commanders in chief, taking the
JCS out of the equation. The act also strengthened the powers of the
unified and specified commanders and placed emphasis on “joint”
military operations. Many experts, including the commander of
American forces during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, General Norman
Schwarzkopf, credit “jointness” for the speed and success of the war.GOLITSYN, ANATOLY (1926– ).Golitsyn was a Soviet KGBmajor
who defected to the United States in December 1961. During his de-
briefing, he claimed that all Western intelligence services were pene-
trated and that the KGB and GRUwould send false defectorsto the
West to spread disinformation. Golitsyn also claimed that the prob-
lems plaguing the Soviet Union in the late 1980s were part of a de-
ception campaign, aimed at lulling the West into complacency. See
alsoANGLETON, JAMES J.GORDIEVSKY, OLEG (1938– ). Oleg Gordievsky was a former
KGBofficer who defected to the United States in 1985. Gordievsky
was employed by the KGB from 1962 to 1985, spending nine years
at the Moscow Center (1963–1965 and 1970–1972) and as resident
in Copenhagen (1965–1970), where he organized KGB illegal oper-
ations. From 1973 until his defection, he worked on political intelli-
gence in Denmark and then became KGB resident in the United
Kingdom.82 • GOLDWATER-NICHOLS ACT OF 198605-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 82