Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

and, falling into disfavor with the administration of President John F.

Kennedy, was sent to Vietnam to oversee the overthrow of South

Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem. President Lyndon B. John-

son chose Helms to be deputy director of central intelligence

(DDCI) in 1965 and DCI in 1966. The Richard M. NixonWhite

House kept him in that position when it came into office in 1969.

Helms successfully distanced the CIAfrom the Watergate scandal,

prompting President Nixon to consider Helms disloyal—President

Nixon fired Helms in 1973—and to name him to be U.S. Ambassador

to Iran, where he served until 1976. In 1977, Helms was convicted

of two misdemeanor counts of lying to Congress over what he knew

about the overthrow of Salvador Allendein Chileand received a

suspended two-year sentence. He later became an international con-

sultant, specializing in trade with the Middle East.

HEUER, RICHARDS, JR.Richards J. Heuer Jr. is arguably the lead-

ing authority on the psychology of intelligence analysis. First re-

cruited into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1951, Heuer

spent 24 years in the Directorate of Operations (DO). In 1975, he

moved to the Directorate of Intelligence (DI) where he worked on

analytic methods until his retirement in 1979. He now consults on se-

curity matters.

HILLENKOETTER, REAR ADMIRAL ROSCOE (1897–1982).

The third director of central intelligence (DCI), serving from 1

May 1947 until 7 October 1950. Aformer navy intelligenceofficer

in the Pacific, Hillenkoetter presided over the transformation of the

intelligence community (IC) by the passage of the National Secu-

rity Act of 1947. He also faced the complex intelligence problems

posed by the start of the Cold War. Hillenkoetter’s short tenure as

DCI was unremarkable. He left his position as DCI in 1950 to com-

mand cruisers off Korea.

HISS, ALGER (1904–1996).Alger Hiss was a Department of State

official during World War IIwho was charged and convicted of spy-

ing for the Soviet Unionin the early 1950s. Trained as a lawyer,

Hiss’early career included a stint in the Agriculture Department and,

later, as point man for the legal defense of the constitutionality of the

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