saw the need for intelligence during the Civil Warbut did not seek
to establish it within the federal government. The Confederate side
went further by actively putting together a variety of units, including
the Confederate Secret Service, to carry out operations against the
North. The plot to assassinatePresident Lincoln allegedly was car-
ried out by Southern intelligence operatives.LONG-TERM INTELLIGENCE.Long-term intelligence refers to in-
depth research projects on a region, country, or issue that may not nec-
essarily have current importance but may contribute to understanding
the intelligence problem or to developing future policy options.LUMUMBA, PATRICE EMERY (1925–1961).Patrice Lumumba
was the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo. In 1959 Belgium announced a plan to grant the Congo its in-
dependence over a five-year period, and Lumumba’s political party
won a convincing majority despite his incarceration at the time. A
1960 conference in Belgium agreed to bring independence forward to
June with elections in May. Lumumba formed the first government
on 23 June 1960, with Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph
Kasavubu as president.
Yet, the province of Katanga, with Belgian support, declared a
separate independence under Moise Tshombe in June 1960, plunging
the Congo into civil war. To counter what he considered to be West-
ern manipulation, Lumumba sought Sovietaid, setting in motion
Western actions to remove him from office. On 14 September 1960,
a coup d’etat,headed by Colonel Joseph Mobutu, later to be known
as Mobutu Sese Seko, ousted Lumumba and arrested him on 1 De-
cember 1960. Mobutu declared that Lumumba would be tried for in-
citing the army to rebellion and other crimes.
On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was moved to a prison and was ex-
ecuted two months later, along with his two aides. On February 2002,
the Belgian government admitted to “an irrefutable portion of re-
sponsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba.” In July
2002, released documents showed that the Central Intelligence
Agency(CIA) had played a role in Lumumba’s assassination, aiding
his opponents with money and political support, and in the case of
Mobutu, with weapons and military training.LUMUMBA, PATRICE EMERY• 11705-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 117