to penetrate and destroy nonstate groups, such as terroristorganiza-
tions, that pose threats to U.S. global interests. In a memorandum to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff(JCS) in late 2001, Secretary of
Defense Rumsfeld reportedly indicated that the units would focus on
emerging target countries, such as Somalia, Yemen, Indonesia, the
Philippines, and Georgia. According to press reports, the units have
been operating within Iraq, Afghanistan, and other places for more
than two years.STUDEMAN, WILLIAM O. (1940– ).Alifelong intelligence officer,
Admiral Studeman was appointed deputy director of central intelli-
gence(DDCI) in 1992 after a distinguished career as an intelligence
officer in the navy. Between 1992 and 1995, Studeman served as
deputy to Directors of Central Intelligence(DCI) Robert M. Gates,
R. James Woolsey Jr., and John Mark Deutchand served twice for
extended periods as the acting director of central intelligence.
Between 1988 and 1992, Admiral Studeman was director of the
National Security Agency (NSA), and, in 1985–1988, director of the
Office of Naval Intelligence(ONI). In addition, he has held posts
ranging from vice chief of naval operations and officer in charge of
the Atlantic Fleet Ocean Surveillance Information Center to com-
manding officer of the Navy Operational Intelligence Center and as-
sistant chief of staff for sixth fleet intelligence.SUCCESS (OPERATION). Operation Success was a covert actionby
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1954 to overthrow the
democratically elected government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmanin
Guatemala. Arbenz was elected in 1950 on a platform of land reform,
and soon after his election, he expropriated the lands of the United
Fruit Company, the largest employer in Guatemala at the time, which
magnified calls in Washington for his ouster by painting him as a
communist and a Soviet sympathizer. The CIAset up training camps
in Nicaragua, planted Soviet weaponry in Guatemala, and broadcast
alarming reports of massive defections within the Guatemalan army.
Operation Success groomed a “liberator” and fomented subversion
within the Guatemalan army by propaganda, sabotage, and com-
mando raids. Expecting an invasion, Arbenz requested Soviet help,
thus giving the CIAthe pretext for intervention. Arbenz resigned on196 • STUDEMAN, WILLIAM O.05-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 196