thorities for Congress. Consequently, the provisions of the law have
been subject to a great deal of criticism, particularly those that may
be interpreted as threatening civil liberties and freedoms. Expanding
intelligence authorities, moreover, have been condemned by civil lib-
ertarians as harkening back to the days of intelligence excesses.
Some of the act’s sections contain the sunset date of 31 December
2005, thereby ensuring that the controversial aspects of the law re-
main in the public limelight for quite some time.USSR.See SOVIETUNION.– V –
VANDENBERG, LIEUTENANT GENERAL HOYT (1899–1954).
Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg was the seconddirector of cen-
tral intelligence (DCI) between on 10 June 1946 and 1 May 1947. A
former intelligence chief for wartime general Dwight D. Eisenhower,
DCI Vandenberg came to head the Central Intelligence Group
(CIG), fully aware of the need for central coordination and analysis.
Consequently, his short tenure as DCI witnessed many changes that
later were incorporated into the National Security Act of 1947 estab-
lishing the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA). Initially, Vandenberg
focused simply on increasing the CIG’s budget and expanding its
staff. However, he was continually dogged by the pervasive influence
of the Department of Stateand the military in intelligence matters.
He gradually sought and got some additional authorities for the CIG,
and he was able to win, over the objections of the State Department
and J. Edgar Hoover’s Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), con-
trol over clandestine collection, foreign counterintelligence, and the
right to conduct independent research and analysis.
In July 1946, DCI Vandenberg established the Office of Special
Operations (OSO) and the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE)
and, in the same month, took over intelligence operations in Latin
America from the FBI. To manage this growing structure, he reor-
ganized and strengthened the director’s office, subjecting it to the
kind of military discipline to which he was accustomed in the service.
When President Harry S. Trumanasked the CIG to assess the So-
viet Union’sworrisome behavior, Vandenberg presided over the firstVANDENBERG, LIEUTENANT GENERAL HOYT• 21105-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 211