ment creates “U-1” to carry out intelligence coordination and liaison.
June:Attorney general creates Radical Division, soon renamed General
Intelligence Division, within Bureau of Investigation to compile intelli-
gence on anarchists; headed by J. Edgar Hoover.1919–1922 Anticommunist raids by General Intelligence Division.1920s Office of Naval Intelligence steps up efforts to collect intelli-
gence against Japan and updates War Plan Orange.1921 November:Naval Disarmament Conference in Washington,
D.C.; Cipher Bureau reads Japanese negotiators’diplomatic traffic.1922 November:MID prohibited from collecting domestic intelli-
gence.
1924 General Intelligence Division disbanded. January:Office of
Naval Intelligence (ONI) begins intercepting Japanese communica-
tions; unaware of activities of Cipher Bureau. 10 May:J. Edgar Hoover
named director of Bureau of Investigation and is restricted to investi-
gating violations of federal law.
1927 Congress passes tough law prohibiting unauthorized intercep-
tion or disclosure of the contents of electrical and electronic communi-
cations. State Department’s “U-1” abolished and responsibilities allo-
cated to geographic divisions.1929 The army’s Signal Intelligence Service established to break for-
eign codes. March:Secretary of State Henry L. Stimpson orders Cipher
Bureau closed.
1930s State Department maintains the only domestic counterintelli-
gence operation in the U.S. government.1931 Herbert Yardley, former director of Cipher Bureau, publishes
book disclosing U.S. ability to read Japanese diplomatic traffic.1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes diplomatic ties with
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor
of Germany.1934 Japan denounces 1922 Naval Treaty.
1937 Japan begins occupation of China.CHRONOLOGY• xxv05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:14 AM Page xxv