tory of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Rev-
olution to the CIA; and Jeffrey T. Richelsen’s A Century of Spies: Intelligence
in the Twentieth Century. Nathan Miller’s Spying for America: The Hidden His-
tory of U.S. Intelligenceis also useful in this regard, although many of the sto-
ries are anecdotal and therefore subject to historical inaccuracies.
The more recent history of U.S. intelligence as well as the intelligence
process it spawned are the subjects of several excellent works that are essential
in any syllabi on U.S. intelligence. Among the most important are Christopher
Andrew’s For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American
Presidency from Washington to Bush; Angelo Codevilla’s Informing Statecraft,
Intelligence for a New Century; Allen Dulles’s The Craft of Intelligence; Rho-
dri Jeffrey-Jones’s The CIA and American Democracy; Loch K. Johnson’s
America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society; William M. Leary’s
The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents; Mark M. Lowen-
thal’s Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy; and Jeffrey T. Richelsen’s The U.S.
Intelligence Community. Of course, Sherman Kent’s Strategic Intelligence for
American World Policyremains the “bible” of intelligence analysis. Since in-
telligence is a foreign policy tool against strategic surprise, its role is explored
in detail in Ephraim Kam’s Surprise Attackand Ariel Levite’s Intelligence and
Strategic Surprise.
Several general works on American national security put U.S. intelligence in
its context. The volumes of Amos A. Jordan, William J. Taylor Jr., and Michael
J. Mazarr, American National Security, and Donald M. Snow, National Secu-
rity, are particularly relevant in this regard. Other volumes deal with specific
intelligence community agencies, among which are James Bamford’s The Puz-
zle Palace: A Report on NSA, America’s Most Secret Agency and Body of Se-
crets: Anatomy of the Ultra-secret National Security Agencyas well as Ronald
Kessler’s Inside the CIA: Revealing the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful
Spy Agencyand The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. H. Bradford West-
erfield’s Inside CIA’s Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency’s
Internal Journal, 1955–1992is a superb resource for insights into how intelli-
gence professionals perceive their own profession. The intelligence agenda in
the post–Cold War period is laid out in Loch K. Johnson’s Bombs, Bugs, Drugs,
and Thugs, while Ronald Kessler’s The CIA at War: Inside the Secret Cam-
paign against Terrorand Paul R. Pillar’s Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy
specifically speak to the war on terror.
Sources on specific historical periods are too numerous to cover adequately
here. Instead, I would prefer listing one or two of significant works in each his-
torical period and leave the reader to explore the other works in the extensive,
albeit limited, bibliography that follows. For the role of intelligence during the
War of Independence, I would recommend Helen Augur’s The Secret War of In-
dependenceand Stephen F. Knott’s Secret and Sanctioned: Covert OperationsBIBLIOGRAPHY• 23105-398 (5) Bib.qxd 10/20/05 6:28 AM Page 231