on Soviet targets. During the first 15 years of the Cold War, CIC units
were dispersed throughout the world in America’s expanding overseas
commitments as part of the containment policy. The CIC was so dom-
inant an entity that, throughout the 1950s, it tried to reconcile its intel-
ligence mission abroad with that of the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) in order to avoid duplication and recruitment of the same assets.
Despite its early prominence, the CIC was disbanded in 1961 and its
assets merged into the newly formed army intelligence. See also
GEHLEN ORGANIZATION.COUNTERMEASURES.Countermeasures are actions taken by gov-
ernments and their agencies to thwart the activities of hostile intelli-
gence services. Countermeasures may include denial/deception op-
erations or remedial actions that would stymie the adversary’s
intrusions. In intelligence terms, countermeasures comprise both of-
fensive and defensive counterintelligenceactions.COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER (CTC). Established in 1986 by
Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)William J. Casey,the CTC
was a response to criticism that the U.S. government did not aggres-
sively operate to disrupt terroristactivities. Organizationally, the CTC
is located within the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s)Direc-
torate of Operations (DO), intended to combat international terrorist
threats. A1990 director of central intelligence directive (DCID) gave
the CTC an analytic capability by creating an Interagency Intelligence
Committee on Terrorism (IICT) under the direction of the Community
Counterterrorism Board (CCB), both designed to produce such ana-
lytic products as coordinated terrorism alerts and advisories for a gov-
ernment-wide audience. In 1995 and 1998, President William J. Clin-
tonissued a series of directives that further defined terrorism as a
crime and set up procedures to apprehend and punish terrorists world-
wide. In 1997, the CCB established a Terrorism Warning Group to get
warnings of impending terrorist attacks quickly to senior military and
civilian policymakers. After the terrorist attacks of 11 September
2001 , the analytic functions of the CTC were gradually integrated into
the Terrorism Threat Integration Center(TTIC) and then into the
National Counterterrorism Center, established in 2005. See also
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