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THETHICKENINGPLOTANDHOLYWAR 79
moneyandforgedpapersthatenabledtheIndianstotravelbetween
theUnitedStates,Europe,andAsia,anditprovidedlargeamounts
ofmoneytotheIndiansforpublishingpropaganda.
Perhapsevenmoresignificantly,themilitaryattacheattheem-
bassy inWashington,CaptainFranzvonPapen,organizedrevolu-
tionaryactiongroupsand,beginninginOctober1914,armsshipments
forIndia.WiththecooperationoftheKrupprepresentativeinthe
UnitedStates,HansTauscher,Papenpurchasedatleast$140,000
worthofrifles,pistols,andammunitionandstoredtheminvarious
places.v
Berlin's DecisiontoContactAfghanistan
GermanyalsomadepreparationstodispatchfromtheReichviaTur-
key amilitarymissiontoAfghanistanto persuadeitsruler,Hab-
ibullah,toattackIndia.TheforeignministryandGeneralStaffac-
ceptedEnverPasha'sclaim(contrarytothefacts) toWangenheim
thatthewarministerhadfrequentcontactwithHabibullah,andthat
he wasreadyfor anyhostileoperationagainstEnglandandRussia."
By 19 August 1914 Enverhadalreadyproposedsendingamission
ofTurkishofficerstotheamir,accompaniedby aGermanmilitary
contingenttoenhancethegroup'sprestigewiththeAfghans.But,
andas yetunbeknownsttotheGermans,thewarministerhadprevi-
ouslyorderedasmallTurkishmissiontoKabul,led by adeputyin
theOttomanparliamentfromSmyrna,ObeidullahEffendi.How-
ever,ObeidullahhadnotyetleftConstantinople."Enver'sprincipal
goalinsuggestingajointTurkish-GermanmissiontoAfghanistan
reflectedthePorte'sdesiretomaintainclosesupervisionoftheGer-
mansasthelattermovedthroughPersiaandAfghanistan.TheYoung
Turks,withtheirfanaticalpan-Turanianaspirations,whichenvi-
sionedunitingunderOttomanruletheTurkishpeoplesofsouthern
andcentralRussiaandPersianAzerbaijan,consideredbothcoun-
trieswithintheirsphereofinfluence."
DuringtheweeksthatfollowedaspecialcommissioninBerlin
organizedtheGermanexpeditionto PersiaandAfghanistan.The
commissionincludedOppenheim,jackh,ArndtvonHoltzendorff
(thedirectoroftheHamburg-Amerikashippingline),Reinhard
