War by Revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I

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developedamongtheIndians, particularlyoverleadershippositions.
EquallydamagingtotheIndianrevolutionaryschemeswasBritain's
vigilance,basedonitsworldwidenetworkofdiplomatsandagents,
intrackingandstemmingsuchactivities?
TheGovernmentofIndiaandBritishintelligencequicklyestab-
lishedthelinksbetweentheGermans,theGhadrmovementin
America,andSikhexilesreturningtoIndia.DuringthespringDelhi
informedLondonthatitpossessedevidenceassociatingGhadrpro-
pagandaandtheGermanswithSikhterrorin thePunjabagainst
police,army,andgovernmentofficials.TheGovernmentofIndiare-
spondedtothePunjabuprisingbyarrestingitsringleadersandex-
ecutingeighteenofthem."Also,theauthoritiesinIndiasuppressed
mostofthelocallyproducedGhadrpropaganda.Whenthathap-
pened,RamChandraandtheGermanconsulateinSanFrancisco
smuggledit toIndiathroughbusinessfirmsintheNetherlandsand
agentsintheDutchEastIndies,Siam,andShanghai.Inaddition,
theBritishinterceptedIndianrevolutionarymaterialssentfrom
AmericaandGermany."
TheGermansandIndiancommitteehadsimilardifficultiessmug-
glingweaponsintoIndia.Sincethewar'sbeginningBerlinhadnoted
correctlythatamajorrevolutionaryoutbreakinIndiawouldneed
theassistanceofalarge-scalearmsshipment.Barkatullahpersuaded
theGermanstoshipweaponstoIndiafromtheFarEastratherthan
fromtheUnitedStates,whereas early asthepreviousfalltheGer-
manmilitaryattacheinWashington,Papen,hadpurchasedandstored
armscargoesforIndia."OneofBarkatullah'sfellowrevolutionaries,
BhagvanSingh,aSikhpriestfromtheUnitedStates,hadmetwhile
inJapanSunYat-senandChineserevolutionaries,whohadproposed
buyingandsendingweaponsfromtheretoIndiaratherthanfrom
America.AnotherIndianrevolutionary,NarajenawaiMarathayin
Shanghai,hadsuggestedasimilarplan.Sohadtheanti-Dutch
JavaneserevolutionaryDouwesDekker."
TocoordinatetheseactivitiestheGermanforeignministry,work-
ingmainlythroughtheGermanlegationinPekingandBernstorff,
theambassadorinWashington,establishedinShanghaiaCentral
Office fortheIndianRevolution."Duringthespringtheembassy,its
consulatein Chicago,Papen,andseveralIndianrevolutionaries,