War by Revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I

NOTES

PREFACE

1.Theterm"MiddleEast" raisesproblemsofdefinition,butinthisstudythe

conventionestablishedinWesternusage is(moreor less)followed.Thatis,theMiddle

Eastisdefinedas theregionboundedonthenorthwestbyTurkey,onthesouthwest

by Egypt,onthesoutheastbytheArabianPeninsula,andonthenortheastbyPersia

(Iran). See Roy R.Andersen,RobertF.Seibert,andJonG.Wagner,Politics and Cbange

in theMiddleEast: SourcesofConflictandAccommodation,xii-xiii,Whereneces-

sary,borderingregionslike Libya,Abyssinia, theSudan,Afghanistan,andIndia,which

ofteninfluencedeventsintheMiddleEast, arediscussed.

2. See his classicaccountofthe revolt,originallypublishedin 1926 in aprivate
   edition,Seven PillarsofWisdom: ATriumph,56-57. For an analysisofthebookandits
   author,noteEugeneGoodheart,"AContestofMotives: T.E.Lawrence inSeven Pillars
   ofWisdom,"inT.E.Lawrence:Soldier, Writer, Legend,ed.JeffreyMeyers, IIO-27.
   3.Theanglo-centricnatureofhistoricalwritingonWorldWar I intheMiddle
   EastisevidentinthevastlistofbooksonBritishpoliciestherepresentedinRitchie
   Ovendale,TheLongmanCompanionto theMiddleEast since1914,309-IO; M. E.
   Yapp,TheMakingoftheModernNear East,1792-1923,370-73;AlbertHourani,A
   Historyofthe Arab Peoples,520-23;andC.ErnestDawn,"TheInfluenceofT. E.
   LawrenceontheMiddleEast," inT. E. Lawrence: Soldier, Writer, Legend,ed.Jeffrey
   Meyers,5S-S6,IS9-99.
   4.MostofthewritingonGermanyandtheMiddleEasthasfocusedonGerman
   relationswithTurkey(andMorocco,ontheperiphery)andparticularlyonGerman
   economicambitionsintheregion.SeeGregorSchollgen,Imperialismusund
   Gleicbgewicbt.Deutschland,EnglandunddieotientslischeFrage1871-1914;Ulrich
   Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,1914-1918,3-20;andFrankG.We-
   ber,Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria,andtheDiplomacyoftheTurkisli
   Alliance,1914-1918,chapter1.


3. Athemenoted,butnotfullyexplored,inLawrenceJames,The RiseandFallof
   the British Empire,359-60;HerbertLandolinMuller,Islam,gibad("Heiliger Krieg")
   undDeutschesReich. EinNachspielzurwilbelminiscbenWeltpolitikimMaghreb
   1914-1918,ISo-S2;JacobLandau,The PoliticsofPan-Islam:IdeologyandOrganiza-
   tion,42-43;andJohnEsposito,TheIslamicThreat:MytliorReality, 37-51.
   6.AccountsofthevisitincludeWolfgang).Mommsen,DereutotitiireNational-
   staat. Verfassung,GesellscbaftundKulturdesdeutschenKaisetreiches,159;Schollgen,

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