232 NOTESTO PAGExi
108-II,159;Landau,46-47;Neil AsherSilberman,DiggingforGodandCountry:Ex-
ploration,Archeology,andthe SecretStrugglefor theHolyLand,1799-1917,161-63;
LotharRathmann,Berlin-Bagdad. DieimperialistischeNshostpolitikdesksiserlichen
Deutschlsnds,48-50;andUltichTrumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOtto-
manEmpire,"inThe Great PowersandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,ed.Marian
Kent, II2.
- AnimportantpointmadebyRogerAdelson,Mark Sykes: PortraitofanAma-
teur,196-97.
- See, forinstance,JosephHeller,British Policy towards theOttomanEmpire,
1908-1914,34-39,49;StuartA.Cohen,BritishPolicyinMesopotamia,1903-1914,2II,
236;andC.ErnestDawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism:EssaysontheOriginsof
ArabNationalism,61-63.
9.Therapprochementwaspartof"acertaincalm[that]haddescendedonEu-
rope,"andparticularlyonAnglo-Germanrelationsafter1910;HolgerH. Herwig,The
FirstWorldWar:GermanyandAustria-Hungary,1914-1918,7. AlsonoteCohen,249-
62;andFritzFischer,WarofIllusions: German Policiesfrom19IIto1914,trans.Marian
Jackson,300-7.
10.InthewordsofDavidFromkin,A Peace toEndAll Peace: The Fallofthe
OttomanEmpireandtheCreationoftheModernMiddleEast.
II.Duringthe1960s,FritzFischer,inhisfamousstudy,Germany'sAimsinthe
FirstWorldWar,120-55,providedtheinitialbroadoutlinesofthis"revolutionary"
Germanpolicy.Themostsignificantlyresearchedexamplesofthepolicydealwith
Germany'sapplicationofitoutsidetheMiddleEast,namelytowardRussia,Ire-
land,Morocco,Algeria,Persia,Afghanistan,andIndia.RegardingRussia,seeSeppo
Zetterberg,DieLigaderFremdvolketRusslands1916-1918.EinBeitragzu
DeutschlandsantirussischemPropagandakriegunterdenFremdvolkernRusslands
imerstetiWeltkrieg;EgmontZechlin,"FriedensbesrrebungenundRevolutionier-
ungsversuche,"AusPolitikundZeitgeschichte.BeilagezurWochenzeitung'Des
Psrlament,'B25(21June1961):341-60; WilliGautschi,LeninalsEmigrantinder
Schweiz;Z.A.B.Zeman,GermanyandtheRevolutioninRussia,1915-1918:Docu-
mentsfrom theArchivesoftheGermanForeignMinistry;GeorgeKatkov,"Ger-
manPoliticalInterventioninRussiaduringWorldWar I," inRevolutionaryRussia:
ASymposium,ed.RichardPipes, 80-112;andWernerHahlweg,LeninsRiickkehr
tiachRussland1917.DiedeutscbenAkten.ForIreland,thestandardworkisReinhard
Doerries,"DieMissionSirRogerCasementsimDeutschenReich1914-1916,"
HistoriscbeZeitschritt,222 (1976):578-625.FortheFrenchcolonies,Moroccoand
Algeria,noteMuller'sbookonGermanpolicyintheMaghreb;EdmundBurke,"Mo-
roccanResistance,Pan-Islam,andGermanWarStrategy,1914-1918,"Francia.
ForschungenzurWest-europiiiscbenGeschichte,3(1975):434-64;andAndreNouschi,
LaNaissancedunationalismealgerien,24-28.ForPersiaandAfghanistan,themost
importantstudiesareUlrichGehrke,PersieninderDeutschenOrientpolitik
wiihrenddes ErstenWeltkrieges;RenateVogel,DiePersien-undAfghanistanexpe-
ditionOskarRitterv.Niedermayers1915/16;andImperialWarMuseum[hereafter
IWM],OperationsinPersia,1914-1919.ForIndia,seeThomasG.Fraser,"Germany
andIndianRevolution,1914-18,"JournalofContemporaryHistory,12(1977):255-72;
ReinhardDoerries,ImperialChallenge:AmbassadorCountBernstorffandGerman-
AmericanRelations,1908-1917,146-55;andMilanHauner,Indiain AxisStrategy:
