NOTESTO PAGESxii-2 233
Germany,japan,andIndianNationalistsintheSecondWorldWar,chapter1.
12.Briefsummariesare inMartinKroger,"RevolutionalsProgramm.Zieleund
RealiratdeutscherOrientpolitikimErstenWeltkrieg,"inDerErste Weltkrieg.
Wirkung,Wahrnehmung,Analyse,ed.WolfgangMichalka,366-91; Fischer,Germany's
Aims,120-21, 126-31;LotharRathmann,StossrichtungNahost1914-1918.Zur
ExpansionspolitikdesdeutschenImperialismusimerstenWeltkrieg,81-86;and
Zechlin,"FriedensbestrebungenundRevolutionierungsversuche,"B20(17May
1961):280-88, B24(14June1961):325-37.
13.Waging"war byrevolution"wasnothingnew totheWest. Forexample,for
nearlysixty yearsafter 1688 theFrenchmonarchyhadsupporteduprisingsby Scot-
tishandIrishJacobiteshopingtheywouldundermineordivertBritishpower.Dur-
ingthe1770Sand1780s,France,seekingtoavengeitsdefeattoBritainintheSeven
Years' War,hadassistedtheNorthAmericancoloniesintheir"revolutionarywar" to
freethemfromBritishrule. As thepresentstudyillustrates,as early as 1866,during
theAustro-Prussianwar,thePrussiangovernmentestablishedcontactswithnation-
alitygroupsinAustria,includingSlavsandHungarians,withtheaimofinciting
themtorevoltagainsttheViennagovernment.See below,chapter1.
14.NotethetitleoftheGermanedition(Griffnach derWeltmacht),publishedin
1961,ofFischer'sGermany'sAims.See alsoHerwig,First World War,19.
IS.AccordingtoPaulM.Kennedy,Preparing for theTwenty-FirstCentuty,2II,
"theWestmay haveplayedmoreofa role inturningtheMuslimworldintowhatit is
todaythanoutsidecommentatorsarewillingtorecognize."Also, seeEdwinG.Corr
andStephenSloan,eds.,Low-IntensityConflict: Old Threats in aNewWorld.
- SeeEsposito;StevenBarboza,ed.,Americanjihad:IslamafterMalcolmX,3-
20;and"ManyVarietiesofFundamentalism,"NewYork Times,8 Mar. 1993.
- INTRODUCTION:BRITAIN,GERMANY,AND THE MIDDLEEAST,1871-1904
1.QuotedfromLt. CoLMarkSykes,"Memorandum," 28 Oct1915,inSykes to
MajorGen.C.B. Callwell(directorofmilitaryoperationsintheWar Office,London
[hereafterWOD,ISNov.1915,PublicRecordOffice,London[hereafterPROj/Foreign
Office Series[hereafterFOj882(ArabBureauPapers)/volume13/documentno.MIS/
15/16.ThebestaccountofSykesandhis role inthewar isAdelson'sbiography.
- Sykes,"Memorandum,"28 Oct.1915,PRO/FO882/13/MIS/lS/16.
3.ExtensivestatisticsareinM.Larcher,Laguerreturquedans la guerremondiale,
ro,Basic surveysoftheaspectsoftheBritishEmpirementionedincludeS. M.Burke
andSalimAI-DinQuraishi,TheBritishRajin India: AnHistoricalOverview,9-50;
James,RiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,particularly169-349;RonaldRobinson
andJohnGallagher,Africaandthe Victorians: The OfficialMindofImperialism,84-
87,462-67;PaulM. Kennedy,The Rise and Fallofthe Great Powers:EconomicChange
andMilitaryConflictfrom 1500 to2000,154-55,224-27;DavidK.Fieldhouse,Die
Kolonialreicheseitdem 18 [ahrhundert,230-40;andElizabethMonroe,Britain's
Momentin theMiddleEast,1914-1971,16-17.TheheadstartwhichBritainhadover
Germanyin Africa, Asia,andtheMiddleEastisdiscussedinZaraSteiner,Britainand
the Originsofthe FirstWorldWar,62-63.
- IWM,Operationsin Persia,31,34;BritonCooperBusch,Britainandthe Per-
sianGulf,1894-1914,chapterI;H.C.G.Matthew,"TheLiberalAge(1851-1914),"in
