234 NOTESTO PAGES2-4TheOxfordHistoryotBritain,ed.KennethO.Morgan,562-63;andMonroe,12-14.
- SeePeterHopkirk,The Great Game: TheStruggleforEmpirein Central Asia;
Fromkin,chapter2;James,RiseandFalloftheBtitisliEmpire,176,180-82,214-15;
Kennedy,RiseandFall,190-91,227;Steiner,Originsofthe FirstWorldWar, 79-80;
andJamesjell,The OriginsoftheFirstWorldWar,176.
6.Adiscussionofthedoctrine'sdevelopmentis inLandau,9-70.Also,notethe
definitionsofit inYapp,181-83;Landau,37;andHourani,Historyofthe Arab Peoples,
3 13-14.
7.Yapp,182;Landau,II-13,68-70,86, 122-23;andHourani,Historyofthe Arab
Peoples,314.
8.Forexample,mostofthehundredsofBritishsoldiers,diplomats,civil ser-
vants,scholars,andmissionarieswhoservedintheMiddleEastandIndiabythe
endofthenineteenthcentury,followingthemoresoftheirtimeandsocialclass,
thoughtkindlierofanimalsthanofthelowerclassesthereandfrequentlytreated
thelatteraccordingly;seeDerekHopwood,TalesofEmpire: The British in theMiddle
East,1880-1952,especiallyxiii,17, 19, 40, 56.MaximeRodinson,Europeandthe
MystiqueofIslam,trans.RogerVeinus,60,observesthatsuchviewsonthepartof
Europeansform"theoriginofthehomoislamicus,anotionwidelyacceptedeven
today"intheWest.AlsoontheEuropeanresponse,noteEdwardW.Said,Culture
andImperialism;joll,178-79;WilliamMontgomeryWatt,Muslim-ChristianEn-
counters:PerceptionsandMisperceptions,85-87,92-93,I04-5;BurkeandQuraishi,
56-57;Esposito,37-51;andFieldhouse,234-35.
9.SeeBurkeandQuraishi,74-75,143-44,whichemphasizesthatinthewarof
1877,"many"MuslimsinCalcuttamosques"expressedadesiretofightintheranks
oftheirTurkishcomrades.SimilarfeelingswererousedduringtheGreco-Turkish
warof1897.Henceforth,allTurkishcausesevokedagitationinIndia."Accordingto
Yapp,182-83, 206,"UnderAbdul-Hamidthenewtheoryofthecaliphatebecamea
powerfuldiplomaticweaponagainstallEuropeanpowerswhichruledoversubstan-
tialnumbersofMuslims,inparticularRussia,FranceandBritain."AccordingtoJames,
RiseandFallofthe British Empire,230,therebellionof 1857 "was a civil war."
IO.Thefigureis inLarcher,IO.SeealsoLotharRathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,12;Mon-
roe,16;andHelmuthStoecker,"GermanEastAfrica1885-1906,"inGerman Imperial-
ism in Africa:From theBeginningsuntiltheSecondWorld War,ed.HelmuthStoecker,
trans.BerndZollner,93-II3.
II.Accordingly,forexample,hefavoredBritain'soccupationofEgyptafter1882,
therebyencouragingAnglo-Frenchdifferencesoverthe"Egyptianquestion"andus-
ingittoextractcolonialconcessionsfromBritain.SeeSchollgen,15-30;Hans-Ulrich
Wehler,DasDeutscheKaiserreich1871-1918,172-75;andPaulM.Kennedy,The Rise
oftheAnglo-GermanAntagonism,1860-1914,161,167-75.AccordingtoHolgerH.
Herwig,HammerorAnvil?ModemGermany, 1648-Present,131,"Overseascompeti-
tionwassimplytheextensionofBismarck'sEuropeansecuritypolicytotheperiph-
ery." InthewordsofGeorgeO.Kent,Bismarckand His Times,I09,"Germanyneeded
bothRussiaandAustria,andcouldthereforenotaffordtobecomeinvolvedinthe
NearEastortheBalkans."
12.MichaelFrohlich,Imperialismus.DeutscheKolonial-undWeltpolitik1880-
1914,1994),34-42;Kennedy,Anglo-GermanAntagonism,175-82;RaymondJames
Sontag,GermanyandEngland:BackgroundotContlict,1848-1894,186,196-99,20I,