NOTESTO PAGES4-6 235
218-19;Schollgen,28-29;Wehler,175-76;Herwig,HammerorAnvil?131;andVolkerR.
Berghahn,ImperialGermany,187I-19I4:Economy,Society,CultureandPolitics,266.
- For atimeduringthe1830SPrussiahadsentofficersto advisethesultan's
army,andirhadopenedaconsulateinJerusalem.Also,Swabianreligiousdissidents,
theTemplars,hadfoundedsettlementsin theHolyLand,andbeginninginthe1870S
Germanengineers,surveyors,andrailroadconstructioncompanieshadworkedin
AsiaMinor.SeeTrumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"112;
andJehuda1.Wallach,AnatomieeinetMilitiirliilte.Dieprculsisch-dcutschen
Militiirmissionenin derTiirkei1835-1919,15-33.
14.Schollgen,32-47;andRathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,13-32.Onthemilitarymis-
sion,noteWallach,Anatomie,34-108;andReeva S.Simon,"TheEducationofan
IraqiOttomanArmy Officer," inThe OriginsofArabNatiorulism,eds.RashidKhalidi,
LisaAnderson,MuhammadMuslih,andReevaS.Simon,155-61.RegardingBismarck's
policy, asreflectedintheRusso-TurkishwarandBerlinCongressof1877-78, see Kent,
Bismarck,IIO-12.
IS.AdiscussionontheGermanattitudetowardEgyptiansandotherpeoplesin
theMiddleEastbetween 1870 and1914is inMommsen,particularly141-42,144-45.
Regardingthegovernment'scontemptfortheminoritiesinGermany,suchasCatho-
lics, Jews, Poles,Danes,andAlsace-Lorraineans,noteBerghahn,97-123;andHerwig,
HammerorAnvil?138.InKent,Bismarck,II2,theauthorobservesofBismarck'srole
inthesettlementattheCongressofBerlinin 1878,"FortheBalkanpeopleheshowed
noconcernwhatever."Portionsofthischapter,as well aspartsofthesecond,are
discussedinDonaldM. MeKale,"GermanyandtheArabQuestionbeforeWorldWar
I,"The Historian, 59 (1997):3II-26.
16.JohannFuck,DieArebischetiStudienin Europa bis in denAnfangdes20.
[ahrhundetts,234.
17.SomeoftheseideastheGermanshadlearnedfromNapoleonIll'sthreat,dur-
ing hisbriefwaragainstAustriain 1859, toincitethedifferentnationalitiesin the
HapsburgempiretorevoltagainstVienna.SeeZechlin,"Friedensbestrebungen,"B24
(raIune1961):325-37;andGottfriedHagen,Die TiirkeiimErsten Weltkrieg. Flugbliicter
undFlugscbriitenin srabischer,petsiscberundosmenisch-tiirkischetSprecheaus
einerSammlungderUniversitiitsbibliothekHeidelbergeingeleitet,iibetsetztund
kotnmentiert,30.
18.Hagen,31-34.
19.Nationalistandeconomicgroups,whichincludedthePan-GermanLeague,
demandedthatGermanyexpanditscolonialinterestsoverseas; also, theBerlingov-
ernmenthopedtobluntsocialistoppositiontothegovernmentbyunifyingthena-
tionaroundtheidealoftheReich'smilitarymightandworldinfluence.Standard
accountsincludeWehler,171-92;Berghahn,270-77;Herwig,HammerorAnvil?171-
75;HelmutStoecker,"TheQuestfor'GermanCentralAfrica,'''inGerman Imperial-
ism in Africa:From theBeginningsUntil theSecondWorld War,ed.HelmuthStoecker,
trans.BerndZollner,250-52; Kennedy,Anglo-GermanAntagonism,passim;andRoger
Chickering,We Men Who FeelMostGerman: ACulturalStudyofthe Pan German
League,especiallythesectionontheleague'sideology,74-125.
20.RegardingtheFranco-GermanconflictoverMorocco,theGermanswere in-
terestedinacquiringrawmaterials,likeironore.Germanarmamentsandmining
companies,namelyKruppandMannesmann,hadrepresentativesinMoroccowho
