236 NOTESTOPAGES6-8
activelyopposedwiththeMoroccansultanandamongrulingcirclesFrance'smove
towardestablishingaprotectoratethere;noteHelmuthStoeckerandHelmut
Nimschowski,"Morocco1898-1914,"inGermanImperialismin Africa: From the Be-
ginningsuntiltheSecondWorld War,ed.HelmuthStoecker,trans.BerndZollner,
230-35. In 1898,moreover,thekaisertried,unsuccessfully,toencouragea war be-
tweenBritainandFranceduringtheirconfrontationatFashodain theSudan;see
JamieCockfield,"GermanyandtheFashodaCrisis,1898-99,"CentralEuropeanHis-
tory, 16 (1983):256-75. Also, seeFrohlich,57-89;PaulM.Kennedy,TheSamoanTri-
angle: AStudyinAnglo-German-AmericanRelations,25-51,76-87,108-45, 178-98;
Schollgen,51-76;HolgerH. Herwig,"Luxury"Fleet:TheImperialGermanNavy1888-
1918,chapter3;Wehler,165-70;ImanuelGeiss,DesDeutscheReichunddie
Vorgeschichtedes Ersten Weltkriegs,28-53;andBerghahn,276-77.
21.Trumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"122,discussesthe
inconsistencyandlackofdirectionintheGermanpolicytowardTurkey.Rathmann,
StossrichtungNshost,22-26,providesaMarxistinterpretationoftherelationship
andemphasizesthatGermanysoughtcompletecontroloverTurkey,mainlyto ex-
ploittheTurkisheconomyfor rawmaterialsandmarkets.
22.See, inthisregard,"ThePanislamicMovement,"TheTimes(London) 22 Sept.
1897;ArthurHirtzel(politicalsecretary,IndiaOffice),"TheWarwithTurkey:Memo-
randumbyPoliticalDepartment,IndiaOffice," 25 May1916,PRO/FO 371 (General
Correspondence,Politicalfrom1906)/pieceno. 2778/file130553;Schollgen,69-86;and
BurkeandQuraishi,144.
23.Accordingto C. C. Davies,"TheNorth-WestFrontier,1843-1918,"inThe Cam-
bridgeHistoryofIndia,TheIndianEmpire,ed. H. H.Dodwell,460-67,violenttribal
uprisingsontheIndian-Afghanborderoccurredduring 1897 and1898:"Contempo-
raryopinion,especiallythatof[British]officersandofficialsinthewarzone,favored
[religious]fanaticismasthechiefcauseoftheoutbreak,butthey have everbeenready
toconfusefanaticismwiththenaturaldesireofthetribesmenforindependence."
Also, seeBurkeandQuraishi,144.OnthehistoryofKrupptotheAfghanregime,
noteFriedrichKruppCompany(Essen) toGustavKruppvonBohlenundHalbach,
20 Oct. 1914,NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration,Washington,D.C. [here-
afterNARA]/microcopyT-137(GermanForeignMinistryArchives,1867-1920,
microfilmedbytheUniversiryofMichigan)/reel139/frames0799-0802.
- M. S.Anderson,The EasternQuestion,1774-1923:AStudyinInternational
Relations,247-48,251;andHourani,Historyofthe Arab Peoples,313.
25.Steiner,Originsofthe First World War,22;andJames,RiseandFallofthe
British Empire,344-45.
26.BernhardPrincevonBulow,MemoirsofPrince von Biilow,1:292.
27.Regardingthekaiser'sviewthattheMuslimsformedamonolithicforceunder
Abdul-Hamid,notehisletterto"Nicky,"hiscousinNicholasII, the czarofRussia,
fromConstantinople,20 Oct. 1898,in IsaacDonLevine, ed.,Letters from the Kaiser
to the Czar:CopiedfromGovernmentArchivesin PetrogradUnpublishedBefore
1920,55-58.AccordingtoVahaknN.Dadrian,TheHistoryoftheArmenianGeno-
cide:EthnicConflictfrom theBalkansto Ariatolia to the Caucasus,253,"Infact
[WilhelmII]regardedTurkeyasthePrussiaoftheOrient;hecomparedtheIslamic
attributesofself-denialto hisnotionsofPrussianpuritanism."Also,noteEdwardW.
Said,Orientalism,19;andMommsen,159.
