NOTESTO PAGES8-12 23728.LamarCecil,WilhelmII: PrinceandEmperor,1859-1900,321-22, 281,137-38.
DespiteGermany'sincreasedcommercewithTurkey,BrirainandFrancestilldomi-
naredOttomanforeigntrade.ThestandardworksareMommsen,156-57;and
Trumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"lII-I2.
29.Schollgen,I07.
30.SeeWilliamOchsenwald,The Hijaz Rsilroad,22-23;PinhasWalterPick, "Ger-
manRailwayConstructionsintheMiddleEast,"inGermanyandtheMiddleEast,
1835-1939,ed.Jehuda1.Wallach,74-76;EdwardMeadEarle,Turkey, the Great Pow-
ers,andtheBagdadRailway: AStudyinImperialism,64-65.Emphasizingtheeco-
nomicmotivesbehindGermany'sinterestintheconstructionoftheOttomanrail-
roadsare,alongwithEarle,Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,7-9;
Rathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,21-46;andKurtGrunwald,"PenetrationPacifique-The
FinancialVehiclesofGermany's'DrangnachOsten,'"inGermanyandtheMiddle
East,1835-1939,ed.jehuda1.Wallach,90-95.
31.Forexample,heprovidedthekaiserwithanimperialbodyguardoftwoSyrian
soldiers,who,accordingtoWilhelm,would"cutdownanyonewhomightlookaskance
at theGermanEmperor,theKhalif'sfriend."See Bulow,1:29°,299-300.
32.Note"Willy" to"DearestNicky," 9 Nov.1898,in Levine,61.
33.Quotedin Bulow,1:3°0.Discussionofthespeechis also inSchollgen,III;Fischer,
Germany'sAims,121;Trumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"
II2;andJoll,186-87.
34.Indeed,Wilhelmevenencouragedthem;forinstance,hewrotetoNicholasII
fromDamascus"thatif!hadcome[toJerusalem]withoutanyReligionatall I cer-
tainlywouldhaveturnedMahommetan!"Note"Willy" to"DearestNicky," 9 Nov.
1898,Levine,62.Secondaryaccountsofthekaiser'svisit toTurkeyincludeMommsen,
159;Landau,46-47;Silberman,161--63;Rathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,48-50;Schollgen,
I08-IIl,159;andTrumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"112.
35.Silberman,162;Rathmann,StossrichtungNshost,25-27;andLandau,47.The
kaiser'sremarksinJerusalemwere alsoeditedforthepress by Bulow,becauseWilhelm
had"toastedhishost,theSultan,theMohammedansandIslam,withsuchenthusi-
asm."NoteBulow,1:298.
36.In hisletterfromDamascustoNicholasII hereportedgleefully,"Thehatred
oftheEnglishisstrongandgrowingmoreandmoreintense-nowonder-whilstin
thesametimeapacewithitgrowstheopencontemptofFrance,whichhaslostall
therespectitoncepossessedofold!"Note"Willy" to"Nicky," 9 Nov.1898,Levine,
62-63.
37."Willy" to"Nicky," 20 Oct.1898,Levine,57,recallinghis visit to St.Petersburg
thepreviousyear. Hisremarkin 1896 to aRussianisnotedinHagen,31.
38.Muller,163-68.
39.Fuck,239-45,260-65,269-73,290-92,313-18;andGustavPfannmuller,ed.,
HandbuchderIslam-Literatur,passim.In1845,theDeutscheMorgenlandische
Gesellschaftwasfounded;noteRudiParet,TheStudyofArabicandIslam at German
Universities: GermanOrientslistssinceTheodorNoldeke,8.
40.AccordingtoLamarCecil,TheGermanDiplomaticService,1871-1914,IOI-2,
beforeWorldWar I,onlyoneJew,AlbertvonGoldschmidt-Rothschild,achieved
entryintothediplomaticserviceandwasassignedabroad;otherJewsfromdistin-
guishedfamilies(likeOppenheim)triedto winentryintotheservice,butfailed.Note