further,Kroger, 368;WilhelmTreue,"MaxFreiherrvonOppenheim-DerArchaologe
unddiePolitik,"HistorischeZeitschriit,209 (1969):39-49;andR.1.Melka,"Max
FreiherrvonOppenheim:Sixty YearsofScholarshipandPoliticalIntriguein the
MiddleEast,"MiddleEasternStudies, 9 (1973):81. Someportionsofthisstudyre-
gardingOppenheimarediscussedinDonaldM. McKale,"TheKaiser's Spy': Max
vonOppenheimandtheAnglo-GermanRivalrybeforeandduringtheFirstWorld
War,"EuropeanHistoryQuarterly, 27 (1997):199-220. Also, seeErnestGellner,An-
thropologyandPolitics:Revolutionsinthe Sacred Grove,particularlyII-27,onthe
useofarchaeologistsandotherscholarstocollectforeignpoliticalandintelligence
information.
41.Treue,47-49;andKroger, 368.
4 2.Treue,48-49,53.
43.Onthefundingofhiswork,seeTreue,54;andMajorJ.Ramsay(Britishresi-
dentinBaghdad)toSecretarytoGovernmentofIndia,19 Nov. 1906,PRO/FO371/
245/II50.Ramsayclaimedto havelearnedfromtheGermanconsulinBaghdadthat
Oppenheimlivedon£3000annuallyfromhis family,plus£400fromtheGerman
foreignministry(AuswartigesAmt,AA).
44.Treue,50.
45.Muller,194-95.ForAbduh'sideology,see n. 47 below.
- SeeOppenheimtoPrinceChlodwigzuHohenlohe-Schillingsfurst(German
chancellor),23Apr. 1897;Oppenheim,memo("DiePanislamischeBewegung"),5July
1898,bothinPolitischesArchiv,Bonn[hereafterPA],andcitedinLandau,96.
- WhileAbduhandotherArabwriters,suchasjarnalad-Dinal-Afghani,preached
areawakeningandreformofIslam,Abduhbelievedthatforsuchataskeven the
presenceoftheBritishinEgyptcouldbeofuse.OppenheimoncedescribedAbduh
as "abellicoseEgyptianshaykh,orthodoxbutalsoinclinedtowardinnovation,who
couldgetalongneitherwithLordCromernorwiththekhedive,butisbelovedby the
Egyptianyouth."SeeMuller,60-61.MorespecificallyAbduhrenouncedhisradical
views,whichhehadheldafter1882,advocatingaMuslimuprisingagainstBritish
rule. By the 1890ShepreachedEgyptianpatriotism,aloyaltyowed toEgyptequally
byMuslimsandnon-Muslims.Inlearningandreligionheincreasinglyfavoredpan-
Islamism.His views are inAlbertHourani,ArabicThoughtinthe Liberal Age,I79S-
I939,chapter6;Landau,25;andYapp, 239.
48.Zechlin,"Friedensbestrebungen,"B25(21June1961):354 n. 229.
49.AccordingtoFischer,Germany'sAims,123,Oppenheim'smemoof5July 1898
"inspiredtheEmperorto hisDamascusspeech."ButOppenheim'sbiographer,Treue,
53 n. 6,notesthatwhiletheconsularofficial'sreportswere given toWilliamII,
Oppenheimneverwroteortalkeddirectlytothekaiser,nordidhe receiveacknowl-
edgmentforhavingassistedpreparationsfortheemperor'svisit.Regarding
Oppenheim'sprewarcareerinCairo,Trumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOt-
tomanEmpire"121,observes:"Itappears...thathisinfluencewasactuallyquite
limited."
50.Kroger,371;Trumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEmpire,"122;
Hagen,33-34;andRathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,46-47.
51.Hagen,33;Kennedy,Anglo-GermanAntagonism,317;andTreue,52.Rosen served
beforeWorldWar IatTangierandinRumaniaandPortugal;see G. P.Gooch,Recent
RevelationsofEuropeanDiplomacy,61-62.
