NOTESTO PAGES14-19 23952.Schollgen,125-63;Rathmann,Berlin-Bagdad,47-62;andBusch,Britainand
the PersianGulf,chapter7.
53.Busch,Britainandthe PersianGulf,106,353-54.
54.Oneofthebestbriefdiscussions,althoughanoldone,ofthestrategicand
economicvalueofTurkeytotheGreatPowersremainsW. W.Gottlieb,Studiesin
SecretDiplomacy,19-33.
55.Schollgen,155-56.
56.OncetheOttomanslearnedthedetailsoftheagreement,a crisisensuedwhen
theyattempted,withoutsuccess,to usemilitarypressuretoforceMubaraktobreak
it. See Yapp,176;Hourani,Historyofthe Arab Peoples,280-81;andGottlieb,186-234.
57.ThestandardaccountisKennedy,Anglo-GermanAntagonism,251-90, 415-3l.
Also,noteHerwig,HammerorAnvJ1?176-77;Berghahn,277-78;Geiss,69-71;and
GordonA.Craig,Germany,I866-I945,303-14.
58.RegardingtheGermanperceptionof"encirclement,"seeHerwig,First World
War,18-19.ThemanyissuesleadingtoBritain'sdecisionforthemajordiplomatic
realignmentarediscussedin avastliterature.TwousefulanalysesareSteiner,Ori-
ginsofthe First World War,chapters 2 and4;andDavidReynolds,BritanniaOver-
ruled:BritishPolicyandWorldPower in theTwentiethCentury,67-77.
59.Kennedy,Anglo-GermanAntagonism,269;ThomasW.Kramer,Deutsche-
iigyptischeBeziehungeninVergangenheitundGegetiwert,55-56;andregardingthe
generalnatureoftheententecordiale,PierreGuillen,"TheEntenteof 1904 as a Colo-
nialSettlement,"inFranceandBritain in Africa:ImperialRivalryandColonialRule,
ed.ProsserGiffordandWilliamRoger Louis,358-66.
2.THESPECTEROFMUSLIMUNRESTANDGERMANSUPPORT,1905-1914
l.TheletterisnotedinBulow,I:218.Later, in 1906 and1908,duringtheinterna-
tionalcrises overMoroccoandBosnia,theemperorstressedthesametheme."The
British,"hewrote,"hadbetterrealizethatwarwithGermanymeansthelossofIndia,
andtherewiththeWorldWar." SeeFischer,Germany'sAims,12l.
2.RegardingtheBritish,Fromkin,96-97,observes:"[Lord]Kitchener,likemost
Britonswhohadlived intheEast,believedthatintheMoslemworldreligioncounts
foreverything....Theybelievedthat[Islam]obeyeditsleaders."In19II,SirJohnA.
Fisher,theformerheadoftheRoyal Navy,remarked,"Theworldhas yettolearn
whattheMohammedanscandoifoncetheirholyfervourseizesthem."SeeJames,
RiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,359.
3.Thebestaccountis D.A.Farnie,EastandWestofSuez: TheSuezCanalin
History,I854-I956,499-502.
4.SeeOchsenwald,HijazRailroad,18-23,60-61;Pick,"GermanRailway Con-
structions,"74-79;andRashidIsmailKhalidi,British PolicytowardsSyrie&Pales-
tine,I906-I9I4:AStudyoftheAntecedentsoftheHussein-McMahonCorrespon-
dence, theSykes-PicotAgreement,andtheBalfourDeclaration,20-Zl.
5.Between 1903 and1907,fortyengineerswereemployedontherailroad,ofwhich
one-halfwereforeigners,mostlyGerman,includingtheleadengineer,HeinrichAu-
gustMeissner;Ochsenwald,HijazRailroad,32-33.Also,theHijazrailwayencouraged
aGermanideafor aBeirut-Maan-AqabalinetocompetewiththeSuezCanal;see
Farnie,499.