NOTESTO PAGES2r30 243
50;andElieKedourie,TheChathamHouseVersionandOtherMiddle-EasternStud-
ies,255.
- See thestudyofArabinfluencein theTurkishparliament,SabinePrater,Der
arabischePaktorin derjungtiirkischenPolitik.EineStudiezumosmanischen
ParlamentderII.Konstitution(I90S-I9IS),2.Also,noteDawn,FromOttomanismto
Arabism;andHourani,"TheArabAwakeningForty Years After,"28-31.
45.RegardingthepolicytowardBritain,seeFischer,WarofIllusions,especially
chapter4; Geiss, 71;Craig,333-37;andAndreasHillgruber,Germanyandthe Two
World Wars,trans.WilliamC.Kirby,chapter3.ThisGermanpolicywaspartofwhat
Herwig,First World War,7,observeswas "[a]certaincalm"inEuropeafter19IO,which
includedLondonandBerlin"amicablydiscussing"anumberofimportantissues
thathadbeensourcesoftensionberweenthempreviously.
46.NoteW. G.Hesse(GermanconsulBaghdad)toBulow,18 Mar. 1908;and
Constantinopleembassyto Bulow, 17 Apr. 1908,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 29. Also inthe
samecollection,Bd. 28, seeRicharz(GermanconsulBaghdad)to Bulow, 6June1907;
vonStrempel(GermanmilitaryattacheinConstantinople)roGermanwarministry
("Militarbericht36. Lage im Yemen"), 3July1907;andBemstorffto Bulow, 13Mar.
19 08.
47.PadeltoBethmannHollweg,30 Sept. 19IO,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 32.
- Ibid.
- Hesse toBethmannHollweg,24 Mar.19IO,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 32.
- Hesse toBethmannHollweg,14Aug.19I1,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 34.
51.Hesse toBethrnannHollweg,19 Sept.19IO,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 32;Praror,281;
andBusch,Britain, India,andthe Arabs,I9I4-I92I,rr-rz,
52.StrempelandotherGermansremindedtheYoungTurksthattheirreal con-
troloverYemenwouldonlybeachievedwhentheyextendedtheHijazrailroadto
MeccaandAqaba.SeeStrempelto warministry, 24 June 1907 ("MilitarberichtNr.
34");andStrempelto warministry,3July 1907 ("Militarbericht36. Lage imYemen."),
PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 28. Seealso,"Turkei.AusYemenundHedschas,"Kolnische
Zeitung, 25 July1907.OntheroleofthesharifinassistingtheOttomansinhalting
theYemenrevolt,noteDawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,IO-12.
53.Thekhedive'spilgrimagetoMeccaattheendof 1909 promptedvigorouscriti-
cismfromtheGermanembassyinConstantinople;MarschallvonBiebersteinto
BethmannHollweg, 4 Jan.19IO,doc. no. 9989,GP,27: 6Il.Regardingthekhedive's
ambitions,noteDawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,148-57;Varikiotis,218;
Jankowski,"EgyptandEarly ArabNationalism,"246;Kedourie,ChathamHouseVer-
sion,255;Khoury,53-73; Zeine, 73-IOO;andAntonius,chapters5-6.
54.Oppenheimto Bulow, 6June1909,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd.31;and"DieLage in
Arabien,"DresdnerAnzeiger,18Feb.19I1.
55.Hesse toBethmannHollweg, 24Mar.19IOand14Aug.19I1,PAjTiirkei165/Bd.34.
- Hesse toBethmannHollweg, 25 July1912,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 34.
57.HeinrichvonTschirschky(GermanambassadorinVienna)toBethmann
Hollweg, 17Oct.19I1,PA/TiirkeiI65/Bd.34.Also, see KarlJohannesBauer,Alois Musil.
Wahrheitssucherin der Wiiste,chapter7;andErichFeigl, MusilvonArabien:
VorkiimpferderislamischenWelt,chapter9.
58.AccordingtoLorimer,thepan-Islamiccampaignappeareddesignedto pro-
vokeanti-BritishagitationamongShiitesinsouthernPersia.This,Hesseconcluded,
