244 NOTESTO PAGES30-34
"throughlackofsuccess[could]damageourreputationandpromptgreatannoy-
anceinBritishcircles." See Hesse toBethmannHollweg,20Jan. 19II,PA/Tiirkei165/
Bd.33.
59.Dawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,62 n. 27;andtheemperor'smarginalia
onKiderlen-WachtertoWilhelmII,24 Sept. 19II, doc. no. I0830,GP,30: 50-51.
60.Khalidi,BritishPolicy,207, 225-26.
61.SomethingthatangeredtheFrench,whostillhopedto realizetheirclaimsto
Syria.Thequotesare in ibid., 225.
62.Ridahadalsoattemptedtorecruitseveral ArabprincesinArabiaandthe Per-
sianGulf;Dawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,57-58.
63."TheComingofa NewEmpire,"PallMallGazette,13May 1908;and"AnInde-
pendentArabia,"ThePioneer, 29 June1908.
64.Dawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,61;andKhalidi,BritishPolicy, 91-92,
IOo-3·
65.Dawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,62.- AnextensivediscussionofKitchener'sviews is inKhalidi,BritishPolicy,chap-
ter 6;ibid.,58-60,62;andKedourie,EnglandandtheMiddleEast, 32-36. - McKale,''Weltpolitik,''199-201.
- By 1913 JawishhadtakenrefugeinConstantinople,wheretheTurkishprime
minister(grandvizier),SaidHalim,encouragedhispan-Islamism;Farid,anotherpan-
Islamist,settledinSwitzerland.SeeTignor,3°7-15;Landau,130-33;Vatikiotis,2II-29;
Hourani,ArabThought,208-9;andKitchenertoGrey, 30Sept.19II,PRO/FO371/
m4!39288.
69.Theepisode,whichinvolvedthehighestlevelsofthe twogovernments,in-
cludingGreyandtheGermanambassadorinLondon,PaulGrafWolff-Metternich
zurGracht,isdiscussedin McKale,CurtPtiiter,21-23.Appointedthe newdirectorof
thelibrarywasAhmadLutfial-Sayyid,aleaderofthemoderatenationalistparty.
Regardingthenumberoftroopsintheprewatpeacetimegarrison,noteAntonius,
13 6.
70.HarzfeldrtoBethmannHollweg,15Nov. 19II,NARA/T-137/28/o457,whichem-
phasizesthe key roleplayedin therecruitmentofEgyptiansbythedragomanPrufer,
Also, seeKiderlen-WachtertoWilhelmII,24 Sept. 19II, doc. no. I0830,GP,30:49-50.
ThewarprovidedGermanywithadilemmaastowhichofits allies tosupport;on
this issue, see W. D. Wrigley,"GermanyandtheTurco-ItalianWar, 19II-1912,"Inter-
nationalJournalofMiddleEastStudiesII(198o):313-38.
71.NoteKlein,"DieBefestigungdesSinaiundseineVorgeschichte,"n.d., in
HatzfeldttoBethmannHollweg,23Apr.1912,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd 34.
72.Accountsofthetriumvirate'stakeover,whichwascompletedduring1913,are
inAhmad,YoungTurks,II9-30;Kinross,590-98;andYapp, 192-95.
73.AccordingtoAhmad,YoungTurks,133,153-54:"TheTurksreactedtothese
changesbybecomingmoreethnocentric,andtheybeganto give amoredefiniteform
totheirownnationalism.AtfirstthiswasofthePan-Turanianvariety,partlybecause
Pan-Turanismwassufficientlyvagueto be easilyreconciledwithPan-Islam....Fur-
thermore,Pan-Turanism,likePan-Islam,wasanexpansionistideologywhichsuited
themoodoftheYoungTurks,thenin fullretreatattheoppositefront."
74.Moreover,Husaynwouldreceivemoneytobuyoffthe localtribes,hewould
controlone-thirdofallrevenuesderivedfromtherailway,andhewouldhavetotal