commandovertheforceneededtofinishtheproject.SeeAhmad,YoungTurks,134-
37, whocontradictsthewidespreadview(fosteredbyAntonius,Zeine,andothers)
thatextremeYoungTurknationalismwasmostresponsiblefor Arabnationalism,
particularlyin Syria,andhatredoftheTurksbyothernon-Turkishpeoplesinthe
OttomanEmpire.Agoodsummaryoftheevidenceanddifferingscholarlyviewson
theissueis in Yapp, 207.OnSaidHalim,noteLandau,84-86.
- For theimpactofthemissiononGreatPowerrelations,seeHeller,112-16;
Craig, 337;Hillgruber,21;andRathmann,SrossrichtungNahost,27.
76.Heller,I01-6;andLoweandDockrill,I:I08.
- See Heller,40-52;MarianKent,"ConstantinopleandAsiaticTurkey,1905-
1914,"inBritish Foreign Policy Under SirEdwardGrey,ed. F. H.Hinsley,148-55;
Busch,Britainandthe PersianGulf,376-83;andSchollgen,317-28,375-92.
- Keyquotesare in Heller, 49;andCohen,2II.AccordingtoCohen,236,boththe
IndianandBritishauthoritiesagreedin 1913 that,indeferencetoMuslimopinion,
"everyeffortshouldbemadetoavoidactionslikely toleadto[Ottoman]partition
eithernowor inthefuture."Also,noteHerwig,FirstWorldWar,7.
79.ThenationalistsbitterlyopposedtheIndiagovernment'spartitionofthehuge
provinceofBengalinOctober1905.Thedivisionhadcreatedrwo newprovinces:
BengaliHindusformedaminorityinbothandMuslimsamajorityin one. A waveof
extremistagitationhadexplodedintoviolence,includingthelaternear-assassina-
tionsofHardingeandhis wife inDecember1912.Muslimleadershaddisapprovedof
thepartition,fearingHindudominationasmuchormorethanBritishrule. By1908,
Muslimshadestablishedtheirownpoliticalorganization,theAll-IndiaMuslim
League, ledinitiallyby AgaKhan,torepresentthemtothegovernment.NoteBurke
andQuraishi,I09-35;StanleyWolpert,ANewHistoryofIndia,275-80;VincentA.
Smith,TheOxfordHistoryoiIndia,771-72;andonthenumberofMuslimsinIndia,
Larcher,8.AccordingtoLandau,197,Indianpan-Islamism"was apotentially
significantpoliticalforceiftheseMuslimssupportingitcouldbeorganized."
80.Cohen,262-63,providesimportantquotes,includingCrewe'sthattherewas
"nosolidground"for a"German-Turkish-PanIslamicscare."
81.TheBritishaimedatconfirmingtheGovernmentofIndia'sdominationof
Kuwait,whichhadexistedsincethesecretagreementwiththeShaykhofKuwaitin
1899 andextendedinOctober1907. SeeBusch,Britainandthe PersianGulf,330-36.
AccordingtoCohen,227,theAnglo-TurkishandAnglo-Germanagreementsof1913-
1914 subordinatedtheimplementationofBritain'sMesopotamianpolicytothede-
fenseofitsGulfinterests.
82.See Lacey,chapterIO;andH. V. F.Winstone,Leachman: 'OCDesert':The Life
ofLieutenant-ColonelGerardLeachmanD.S.a.,120-36.
83.Busch,Britainandthe PersianGulf,380-82;andYapp,262-64.
84.RegardingtheGulfandAbuMusaaffair,noteBusch,Britainandthe Persian
Gulf,353-57,369-72;andIWM,Operationsin Persia,31-32.
85.See,forexample,thereportsto the AA byWassmussandtheotherGerman
agentatBushire,Dr.HelmutListernann,inPA/Tiirkei165/Bde. 29-31.
86.Mallet,thenintheFO,comparedtheGermanactivityinPersiatoBerlin's
previouspolicyregardingMorocco,inwhich"theobjectisthesame"-inthisin-
stanceto divideBritainandRussia,whoseallianceof 1907 hadnotremovedallconflicts
betweenLondonandSt.Petersburg,andtoenhanceBerlin'sinfluencein Persia.Note
