Schollgen,318-28;andUlrichGehrke,"GermanyandPersia up to 1919,"inGermany
andtheMiddleEast, I83S-I939,ed.Jehuda1.Wallach,109-12.
87.Lowtherto Grey, 8 Aug. I9lI, PRO/FO371/1261/31881;andreportoftheBritish
consulategeneralinBaghdad,"SummaryofeventsinTurkishIraqfor themonthof
NovemberI9lI," 4 Dec. I9lI,PRO/FO/371/1490/3025.
88.Flick,291;andPfanmuller,369-70,373-74.
89.Bauer,chapter6; Feigl,chapter1O;GeorgSauer,"AloisMusil'sReisennach
ArabienimErstenWeltkrieg,"ArchivOrietuiilni,37 (1969):245;andRobinBidwell,
Travellers in Arabia,156.AlsoonMusil's1909 visit toIbnShaalan,noteFeigl,lI8-5I;
andH. V.F.Winstone,TheIllicitAdventure:TheStoryofPoliticalandMilitaryIntel-
ligence intheMiddleEastfromI898toI926,37-41.Further,Winstone,92-93, dis-
cussesthe 1912 journey.
90.Cohen,249-62,hasanextensivediscussion.AlsousefulfortheBritishside is
Fischer,WarofIllusions,302-6.TheAnglo-TurkishagreementofJuly 1913 iscovered
inBusch,BritainandthePersianGulf,336-40.
9 I.Fischer,WarofIllusions,300-6;Geiss, 69-71;Herwig,HammerorAnvil?177-
80;andBerghahn,278-79.
92.Rathmann,StossricbtungNebost,21-22,27-29, 44-46;andontheroleofsuch
pressuregroupsingeneral,Herwig,HammerorAnvil?171.OnJagow'simperialism,
noteHerwig,"ImperialGermany,"inKnowingOne'sEnemies:IntelligenceAssess-
mentbeforethe TwoWorldWars,ed.ErnestR.May, 85.
93.SeeMarianKent,OilandEmpire:BritishPolicyandMesopotamianOil,I900-
I92o,59-94;andFischer,WarofIllusions,306-7.
- ApointmadebyTrumpener,"GermanyandtheEndoftheOttomanEm-
pire," lI9,122;andMommsen,156-57.
- Hesse toBethmannHollweg, 27 June1914;andLichnowskytoBethmann
Hollweg("EnglandundPersischeGolf."), 3 Apr.1914,PA/TiirkeiI65/Bd. 36.
96.Cohen,235-36,264-67.
97.Fromkin,97-98;Khalidi,BritishPolicy,chapter6;Dawn,"InfluenceofT.E.
Lawrence," 58-62,whichisconvincinginarguingthatHogarthandLawrencewere
notBritishspies;Kedourie,EnglandandtheMiddleEast,34,89-96;andMetternich
(GermanambassadorinLondon)toBethmannHollweg,8 Feb.1912,PA/Tiirkei165/
Bd.34·
98.Dawn,FromOttomanismCOArabism,61-63;Fromkin,98-99;MaryC.Wil-
son,"TheHashemites,theArab Revolt,andArabNationalism,"TheOriginsofArab
Nationalism,ed.RashidKhalidi,LisaAnderson,MuhammadMuslih,andReeva S.
Simon,2lI-12;Gottlieb,49-50;Zeine,100-I6;Antonius,124-30;Khalidi,BritishPolicy,
chapter4;Heller,127-30;andOchsenwald,HijazRailroad,198-99.
99.MiqueltoBethmannHollweg,I Apr. 1913 ("ArabischeUnabhangigheits-
Bestrebungen"),PAjTiirkeiI65/Bd. 35.
100.WangenheimtoBethmannHollweg, 17 and19 Nov.and 20 and31Dec.1912;
andWangenheimtoBethmannHollweg, 14 Juneand 7 July1913,all in PAjTiirkei165/
Bd. 35.Also,noteWangenheimtoBethmannHollweg,22 Mar.1914,PAjTiirkei165/
Bd·36.
IOI.WangenheimtoBethmannHollweg,18Jan.1913;Wangenheimto AA,25 Feb.
1913;JagowtoGermanembassyLondon,3 Mar.1913,PAjTiirkeiI65/Bd.35;Haddad,
"IraqBeforeWorldWar I," 127,134-38;andKedourie,ChathamHouseVersion,255.
