102.GerhardMutius(Beirut)toBethmannHollweg,3 May1913,PA/Tiirkei165/
Bd·35·
103.AA toLondonandConstantinopleembassies,25Jan.1914;andWangenheim
toBethmannHollweg,9 Mar.1914,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 36. Also, in thesamevolume,
noteMutius(Constantinople)toBethmannHollweg,6 Jan.1914.Apparently,the
Britishhadheardofaprojectedcongressfor Mar. 1914atKuwaitofArabchiefsthat
didnottake place;Heller,129.
104.MiqueltoBethmannHollweg,II Mar. 1914,PA/TiirkeiI65/Bd.36;andDawn,
FromOttomanismtoArabism,63.
105.WangenheimtoBethmannHollweg,28 Mar.194,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 36.
106.WangenheimtoBethmannHollweg,22May 1914,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 36.The
Arab officer,ai-Masri,hadplayeda role intheCUPuntil1909. Later hejoinedArab
secretsocietiesworkingforautonomywithintheOttomanempire;priorto hisarrest
hehadfoundeda new society, aI-Ahd,ortheCovenant.To saytheleast, thePortewas
suspiciousofal-Masri'sactivities.Ithadlearnedthathe was inthepayofthekhedive
ofEgypt, AbbasHilmi,whowantedai-MasritopersuadetheSanussisin Libya to
makepeacewiththeItalians.TheTurks,whowereatpeacewithItaly,couldnot
objectopenlytosuchactiononthepartofal-Masri,buttheyresentedthekhedive's
intrigues.SeeAhmad,YoungTurks,138-39;andKhalidi,BritishPolicy, 341-45.- Hesse toBethmannHollweg, 16 July1914,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 37.Ajaimi'sha-
tredforTalibcenteredaroundthelatter'sassistancein theOttomanarrestandex-
ecutionofAjaimi'sfather,SadhunPasha.
108.ApparentlytheGermanembassyinConstantinoplehadreceivednumerous
requestsas late asMarchandJune 1914 fromArabandOttomancircles forassistance
againstBritainandFrance,whichwereturneddownbecauseoftheReich'spolicy
towardBritain.SeeWangenheimto AA,26 Aug.1914,NARA/T-I37/143/0025.
109.AccordingtoFischer,WarofIllusions,306-7.
IIO.Muller,239,281-82.AccordingtoHagen,33,Wangenheimhadalwayshadlittle
enthusiasmforpan-Islamism.
III.Fischer,WarofIllusions,307-8.
II2.Thedetailsare in Ibid., 308;andZaraSteiner,Originsofthe First World War,
108-9·
3.GERMANYASWARTIME"REVOLUTIONARY,"FALL 1914
1.AthemeemphasizedbyGermanofficialsthemselvesatthewar'sbeginning.See,
forexample,Wangenheimto AA,26Aug.1914;andjackhtoZimmermann, 3 Jan.1915,
NARA/T-I37/143/0025,0I53-57·
- Herwig,"Luxury" Fleet,92,144-49.Germany'sonlywarplanwasthatinitially
draftedin 1905and1906 bythechiefoftheGermanGeneralStaff,FieldMarshal
AlfredCountvonSchlieffen,designedtodefeatFrancequicklyandthenRussia. - See above,chapter2.
4.Hagen,32;Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,12-15;andJoll,
188-89.
5.Fischer,Germany'sAims,121. - Ibid., 120-21.
- See ibid.,121;andKroger,371.