248 NOTESTOPAGES49-538.Kroger,371;CarlMuhlmann,DasDcutsch-TiirkischeWaffenbiindnisim
Weltkriege,25;Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,15-17;Fischer,
Germany'sAims,126;andZechlin,"Friedensbestrebungen,"B24{14June1961):329and
B25{21June1961):360-61.OnZimmermann,theso-called"strongman"intheAA,
noteFischer,Germany'sAims,187-88. AcopyoftheGerman-Ottomantreatyis in
Larcher,36-38.
9.AccountsfromrheGermansideincludeTrumpener,GermanyandtheOtto-
manEmpire,21-61;andRathmann,StossrichtungNahost,n3-15. ForBritain'snego-
tiarionswiththePorte,seeHeller,chapter7;andMarianKent,"AsiaticTurkey,1914-
1916,"inBritish Foreign PolicyunderSirEdwardGrey,ed. F. H.Hinsley,436-38.
10.Moltke'stelegramstoLimanarediscussedinRathmann,StossrichtungNahost,
120.
n.Muhlmann,24-25;andontheestimatesofprewarGetmanintelligenceonthe
enemy'scolonialforces,Herwig,"!mperialGermany,"68.
12.Ali BasHambawasexpelledbytheFrenchfromTunisiainMarch 1912 and
settledinConstantinople,whereheestablishedties to the CUPandEnver. SeeMuller,
238-46;andWallach,Anatomie,192.AccordingtoFarnie,531,EnverPashaordered
preparationofaplanforanattackontheSuezCanalon 3 August1914.
13.BoththeSektionPolitikandtheAAappointmentsarediscussedin Kroger,
368;Rathmann,StossrichtungNshost,121;Fischer,Germany's Aims,123-25;andTreue,
57·
14.ErnstFreiherrLangwerthvonSimmern(assistantdirectoroftheAA'spolitical
department)toGeneralStaff,16Aug.1914,inZechlin,"Friedensbestrebungen,"B25{21
June1961):363-64.RegardingtheprewarMannesmannactivitiesinMorocco,note
StoeckerandNimschowski,"Morocco,"242-44;and"DerReichskanzlervon
BethmannHollweg,z.Z. inHohenfinow,an KaiserWilhelmII., z.Z. inStettin," 29
Aug. 19n, doc. no. 10728,GP,29:349-50.
15.AmirSaidto AA,5Aug. 1914,PAlAktenzeichenWeltkrieg(hereafterWK)Nr.ng
(Agypten, SyrienundArabien)/Bd.1.Forbackgroundonthe AbdaI-Qadirfamily in
Syria, seeMuller,310-12.
16."Ifwidespreadunrestoccursinthisregion," hedeclared,"Britainwouldbe
forcedtosenda largepartofits fleetintoIndianwaterstoprotectBritain'snumer-
ousinterests,itsmanypeople,anditsglobalposition."SeeOppenheimtoBethmann
Hollweg,13Aug.1914,NARA/T-137/143/00I6-19;andonthemeetingintheAA's po-
liticaldepartment,Muller,239 n.17.
17.LangwerthvonSimmerntoGeneralStaff, 16 Aug.1914,inZechlin,
"Friedensbestrebungen,"B25{21June1961):363-64.
18.OppenheimtoBethmannHollweg,18Aug. 1914,NARA/T-137/143/0022-23.
19.Ibid.
20.Farnie,530.
- SeePannwitztoBethmannHollweg("Ganzgeheim!Inhale:Miggluckte
Versuche,denSuezkanalzusperren."),26 Sept. 1914,PA/WKNr.ng/Bd.2;statesecre-
taryoftheImperialnavaloffice tostatesecretaryoftheAA, 20 Aug. 1914,PA/WK
Nr.ng/Bd.I;andFarnie,530.
22.OnMors,see below, in thischapter,55,57.AlsonoteReich naval office(intelli-
gencebureau)toLangwerthvonSimmern,28 Aug.1914,PA/WKNr.ng/Bd.I;and
EgmontZechlin,"CabinetversusEconomicWarfareinGermany:PolicyandStrategy