War by Revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I

62.Dawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,30-31. LessinformativeareKedourie,
EnglandandtheMiddleEast,62;andAntonius,158-59.
63.Schabinger,"G.A,"ISMay1915,withaccompanyingmailinglists(Versandliste)
forpropagandamaterialstoTurkey,NARA/T-149!365/0016-17, 19-47;Rathmann,
StossrichtungNshost,189;Wratislaw(Salonica)to FO, IJuly1915,quotinga WO
intelligencereport;andH.Bax-Ironside(Britishministerin Sofia) to FO,8June1915,
PRO/FO371/2489/87754, 74465. Also, seeDawn,FromOttomanismtoArabism,29-
31;Antonius,152-59, 164;Kedourie,EnglandandtheMiddleEast,62;andZeine, II7.
64.Neurath(counselorattheConstantinopleembassy),memo,23Oct.1915,NARA/
T-120/4952/L367824-826;Constantinopleembassyto AA, 4June1915,NARA/T-I2o/
4951/L367293;andMcKale,CurtPriiier,45.
65.IsaiahFriedman,Germanj,Turkey,andZionism,1897-1918,215-26, 245-67;
EgmontZechlin,DieDeutschePolitikunddie]udenimErsten Weltkrieg,288-325;
andDavidYisraeli,"GermanyandZionism,"inGermanyandtheMiddleEast, 1835-
1939,ed.JehudaL.Wallach,142-45.
66.ThedetailsonWeizmannare in McKale,CurtPriiier,40-43.RegardingCohn's
spyingfortheBritish,noteWO,"IntelligenceSummary,"21Apr.1915,PRO/WO
157/690.
67.TheTurksstartedwiththemassmurderofArmenianintellectualsin the cit-
ies;soonspontaneousmassacresoftheruralpopulationbegan,asdidmassivede-
portationsby thePorteofthevictimsindeath-riddenforcedmarchestoMesopotamia.
TheArmenianssoughtautonomyandsympathizedwiththeenemiesoftheTurksin
thewar,whichwashardlysurprisinggiventheirrepressedsituation,buttheyrarely
involvedthemselvesontheRussianandBritishside.Amongthe vastnumberofstudies
ofthesubject,themosthelpfulareLawrenceS.Leshnik,"VordenAugenes
Waffenbruders.DasMassakerandenArmeniemimErstenWeltkriegunddiedeutsche
Mirverantwortung,"Die Zeit,17(20Apr. 1990):41-2;ChristophDinkel,"German
OfficersandtheArmenianGenocide,"ArmenianReview,44(1991):77-133;Kroger, 383-
85;Trumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,chapter7;Larcher, 95;andWallach,
Anatomie,207.
68.Theambassador,forexample,opposedtheArmenians,hissentimentstoward
themrangingfromsimpleantipathytosheerhatred.AlongwithotherGermansin
Turkey,heacceptedcompletelyTurkishaccusationsthattheArmenianswere trai-
torswhohadconspiredtosubvertOttomanmilitarycampaignsagainsttheRus-
sians.SeeDadrian,250-84;Dinkel,77-133;"AuszugauseinemBriefdesDeutschen
VicekonsulKuckoff,Samsun,andieDeutscheBotschaftKonstantinopelvom4.Juli
1915.";and"AuszugauseinemBriefdesAuswartigenAmtesanHerrnDr.Faber,
Magdeburgvom 4.Oktober1915.,"YUL/JackhPapers/2/49,51.Especiallyonjackh,
noteLeshnik,42.
69.EugenMitrwochoftheNfdOcriticizedthemedia's"exaggeration"ofthe
massacres.SeeMitrwoch,"G.A,"9 Aug.1915,NARA/T-I49!365/0057;andDadrian,
277-84.Notealso"DieArmenier-LugenderenglischenPresse,"NeuePreussische
Zeitung, 14 Ocr.1915;and"NeuerRekordenglischerHeuchelei,"Hamburger
Fremdenblstt;IS Oct.1915.
70.AccordingtoDadrian,269,Wangenheim"hadraisedthatavoidanceto a level
offirm policy." Also,noteLeshnik,42.
71.Note"DieArrnenier-LugenderenglischenPresse,"NeuePreussischeZeituiig,