29.NadolnytoAA,21Feb.1915;andAAtoConstantinople,13Apr.1915,NARA/T-
137/140/0307-08,0602-°3.
30.Vogel,55-57,61-62;Gehrke,Persien,1:1:25-26;andOskarRittervonNiedermayer,
Im WeltkriegvorIndietisToren. DerWiistenzugderdeutschenExpeditionnach
PersienundAfganistan,3rd ed. 18-23.
31.Rathmann,StosstichtungNebost,129;andGehrke,Persien,1:1:54-56,66-70,
99.RegardingtheKleinexpedition,seebelowinthischapter,131-33.
32.ThemeetingisdiscussedinWangenheimtoBethmannHollweg, 13 Feb.1915;
NadolnytoAA,21Feb.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0282-83, 03°7-08;andGehrke,Persien,
1:1:84-86,whichdiscussesparticularlythedifferencesbetweentheAAandGeneral
Staff.RegardingtheTurkishmistreatmentofPersiansinAzerbaijanandits effects,
noteConstantinopleembassytoAA,IFeb.1915;andAA toConstantinopleembassy,
19 Feb.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0I57-58, 0289-90.
33.Sarreleft for hisappointmentinmid-February1915;AAtoConstantinople
embassy,18Feb.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0276. ForbackgroundonSarre, whohadmade
numerousarchaeologicalexcavationsalongtheTigrisandEuphratesriversandwas
abrother-in-lawofHumann,theGermannavalattacheinConstantinople,note
Rathmann,StossrichtungNahost,130;andFuck, 291-92.
34.Niedermayer,"GruppeI:Schuenemann,"I2Jan.1915;Niedermayer,"Befehlfur
Gruppe2:Zugmayer.Strenggeheim!"21Feb.1915;Niedermayer,"BefehlfurGruppe
3: P.Paschen,"23Feb.1915;Niedermayer,"BerichtIl.," 27 Feb.1915,NARA/T-137/140/
0545, 0553, 0554, 0546-52,respectively;Rathmann,StossrichtungNahost,13°-32;
Gehrke,Persien,1:1:123;andVogel, 57-58.
- Forexample,noteSchuenemann(Kermanshah)totheembassy,18Mar.1915,
NARA/T-137/140/0515·
36.WangenheimtoAA,I!Mar.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0392; Sykes,68-70;and
DagobertMikusch,WassmussderdeutscheLawrence,80-94.A codedesignated13040,
seizedfromWassmussbytheBritish,wasoneofthe twocodesusedbyGermanyfor
communicationbetweenBerlinandWashington,andbetweenBerlinandall Ger-
mandiplomaticmissionsintheWesternHemisphere;BarbaraW.Tuchmann,The
ZimmermannTelegram,3, 16-19.
- IWM,Operationsin Persia,55-56;andGehrke,Persien,1:1:78-83.
38.ChiefoftheGeneralStaff[hereafterCGS],IndiatoChiefofImperialGeneral
Staff[hereafterCIGS], 16 Mar.1915,PRO/WO33/731.
39.ColonelErichvonLeipzig(GermanmilitaryattacheinConstantinople)to
SekrionPolitikandAA,6 Mar.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0448-51,describedKlein's visit
as "a severetacticalmistakethatcausedbadbloodfor us"amongtheTurks.See also,
Humann,"BesprechungmitEnverPaschavom 9 Februar1915.,"YUL/JackhPapers/a/
21;Gehrke,Persien,1:1:56-57;Klein'sreportinWangenheimtoAA, 29 Jan.1915;and
entriesfor 20-31Jan. 1915 in"KriegstagebuchderKarun-ExpeditionvonMajorKlein,
1914/1915,"NARA/T-137/142/0384, 0449-53.
- Seetheentriesfor 6February-rrMarch 1915 in"KriegstagebuchderKarun-
ExpeditionvonMajorKlein,1914/1915.,"NARA/T-137/142/0454-61.
41.WangenheimtoAA,6 Feb.1915,NARA/T-137/140/0203, 0205; IWM,Operations
in Persia,53;Moberly,1:160-88;andGehrke,Persien,r:r:91-93.
42.NadolnytoLangwerthvonSimmern(AA),22 Feb.1915.
