NOTESTO PAGES156-160 273bracedIslamor were insympathywithAnti-ChristianManifestationsonthepartof
IgnorantorFanaticalMoslems."
13.Ibid. Artheendofthesummer,majorAlliednewspapershadpublisheda re-
portpurportingtoquotefromaletterofWilhelmIIto theShaykhal-Sanussiclaim-
ing thekaiserhadconvertedto Islam; see, forinstance,"Allah'sEnvoy,Islam'sPro-
tector,"DailyChronicle(London),30 Aug.1915.
14.Theparagraphswhichfollow,discussingtheAbyssinianstateanditsruler,are
basedonMarcus,III-14;Boahen,7:304;andGreenfield,131-36.
15.See above, 105;andSyburgto AA,27June1915,T·137/14/0091.
16.AA toAthenslegation,2 Sept.1915;SyburgtoBethrnannHollweg,22Oct.1915;
andNeurath(Constantinopleembassy)to AA,5 Nov.1915,NARA/T·136130/0103,0133,
0125respectively.
17.RegardingtheGermannegotiationsfor atreatywithAbyssinia,noteSyburgto
AA, 12Dec.1915,NARA/microcopyT·136(FilesoftheGermanForeignMinistryAr-
chives, 1867-1920,filmedatSt.Antony'sCollege,Oxfordj/reeljc/noframe[hereafter
nf];andmentionofan"alliance"inConstantinopleembassytoSektionPolitikBer-
lin, I Jan. 1916,NARA/T.137/14/0095.
18.Marcus,II4.
19.Thesigerto Grey, 31Mar.andI May1915,PRO/FO371/2228/53518,66020.
20.Thesigerto Grey, 16June1915,PRO/FO371/2228/92293;andWO,"SudanInrel-
ligenceReport,Nr. 252,"July1915,PRO/FO371/2349/133II4.
21.Thesigerto Grey, 6Sept.1915,PRO/FO371/2228/141629;andE. G.Maechtig
(ColonialOffice) toLordEustacePercy, 18Nov.1915,PRO/FO371/2227/174093-
22.ThePortedeliveredthemessage,mentioningtheshippingofweaponsand
shellstothe"MadMullah,"to theGermans;seetheTurkishdocument,"Notice
confidentielle.,"II Mar. 1916,containingSyburgto AA,12Dec.1915,NARA/T-136130/
nf; WO,"SudanIntelligenceReport,"Sept.1915,FOS371/2349/177154;Marcus,II4;
andGreenfield,136-37.
23.See above, II3.
24.Roddto FO, 29 May1915,PRO/FO371/2489/68849.
25.CommanderoftheGeneralStaff[hereafter"CGS"]Simla(summercapitalof
BritishIndia)toGeneralForce"D," 12June1915,PRO/WO157/776;andSir H. Bax-
Ironside(Britishministerin Sofia) to FO, 8June1915,PRO/F0371/2489/74465.
26.Wratislaw(Salonika)to FO, IJuly1915,containingSykes'smessageforthe
WO,PRO/FO371/2489/897754.ThestandardworkonSykes'smissionisAdelson,
185-96.
27.Sykes toMajor-Gen.C.E. Callwell(DMOintheWO), NO.7, 29JulyI915,PROf
FO 371/2486/93937.
- Ibid.
- Asexamples,note"IntelligenceSummary,"18 Sept.1915,PRO/WO157/779;
andWointelligencedepartment,Cairo,"IntelligenceSummary," 8 and 16 Sept.1915,
PRO/WO157/695.
30.ClaytontoCommunicationsMudros,12Nov.1915,PRO/FO882/I2/KH/15/I2;
andMaxwell toKitchener,14 Oct.1915,PRO/FO33/747.On13Oct.,Oppenheimre·
portedto hissuperiorsfromDamascusthat"mySinaitripled medeepintooccupied
Britishterritory."SeeWangenheimtoBethmannHollweg, 17 Oct.1915,NARA/T·I2o/
4952/L367820. AlsonoteMcKale,"GermanPolicytowardtheSharifofMecca," 310.