NOTESTOPAGES221-225 289
sionism.SeeTrumpener,GermanyandtheOttomanEmpire,chapter6;andWallach,
Anatomie,241-44.Fromkin,352,mentionsthatEnver'semphasisonpan-Turanism
particularlyincreasedwiththecollapseoftsaristRussia.
3.Niedermayer,"Zentralasien.Beurteilungder LageundunseresVorgehens,"May
1918,NARA/T-137/I42/0095;Vogel, 30;andMuhlmann,217,218.
4.Thefiguresare inAntonius,231-33.Also see thesummariesofthismuch-dis-
cussedstoryinMacmunnandFalls,MilitaryOperationsEgypt&Palestine, 2:395-
421;Woodward,I21-22;James,GoldenWarrior,238-46;Stewart,198-99;Guinn,307;
andDawn,"InfluenceofT.E.Lawrence,"79.FordifferentestimatesamongtheBrit-
ishonthevalueoftheArabrevoltwestoftheJordanRiver,noteFromkin,328.
5.Wallach,Anatomie,222-26;andMuhlmann,213-19.Accordingtothelatter,
GeneralHansvonSeeckt,theGermanchiefofstaffoftheTurkisharmy,deniedto
BerlinthattheTurkswererobbingthePalestineandSyrianfrontsto favorTrans-
caucasia.
- SeePapentoBernstorff,24 May1918,inJohannHeinrichAndreasHermann
Albrecht,GrafvonBernstorff,MemoirsofCountBernstorff,trans.EricSutton,213.
- Ibid., 21 3-14.
8.BernstorfftoPapen, 14 June1918,ibid.,215.
9.PapentoBernstorff,18July1918,ibid.
ro.TheBritishofficialhistoryofthewar,publishedin 1930,concludedthat
Husayn'sviews"didnotaffecttheNorthernArmy"ofFaysal;noteMacmunnand
Falls,MilitaryOperationsEgypt&Palestine,2:4II.See also,Busch,Britain, India,and
the Arabs,191-96;Adelson,247;andStewart,192-93.
II. ArabBureauto DMI, 4 Jan.1918,PRO/WO33/946.
12.ApointmentionedbyFromkin,328-29.
13.Eldar,345-46.Accordingto Nevakivi, 64:"Experiencehadshowninthecourse
of 1918 thattheFrenchwerequiteunpreparedto facetheapproachingpeacesettle-
mentinAsiaticTurkey.IncomparisonwiththegiganticBritisharmiesinPalestine
andinMesopotamia,theyhadfragmentarythoughwellqualifiedunitsinArabia,a
smalldetachmentinPalestine,andahalf-trainedSyro-Arrnenianvoluntaryforce in
Cyprus,fromwhereit wassentonlyatthelastmomentofthewar tothefrontin
Palestine."
14.QuotedinBernstorfftoHertling, 19 July1918,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 42.
15.See hismemo,"Berlin,den28.Juli1918.,"PAjTiirkei165/Bd. 42.
16.Bernstorffto AA, 22 Aug.1918;andBerckheim(theAA'sliaisonatGermany's
suprememilitaryheadquarters)to AA,22 Aug.1918,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 43.
17.QuotedinBerckheimto AA,22Aug.1918,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 43.
18.Ibid.
19.QuotedinBerckheimto AA,ISept.1918,PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 43.
20.Constantinopleembassyto AA,4Sept.1918;andBerckheimto AA,ISept.1918,
PA/Tiirkei165/Bd. 43.OnSeeckt,noteTrumpener,"GermanOfficers,"38.
21.Falls,MilitaryOperationsEgypt&Palestine,2:468-625;Muhlmann,226-34;
andGilbert,First World War,463-65,469, 484.
22.Moberly,CampaigninMesopotamia,4:258-332.
- Fortheconnectionofthemilitarytosuchcivilianelementsandthelatter's
massivemembershipfigures,noteHerwig,HammerorAnvil?216;Fischer,Germany's
Aims,431-34,586-90;andHillgruber,44. Also seeRathmann,StossrichtungNahost,
