35.Note,U.S.Government,TheTreatyofVersaillesandAfter:Annotationsofthe
Textofthe Treaty.
36.TheprincipalpublishedsourcesareLukaszHirszowicz,"TheCourseofGer-
manForeignPolicyintheMiddleEastberweentheWorldWars,"inThe Great Pow-
ers in theMiddleEast,I9I9-I939,ed.UrielDann(New York:HolmesandMeier,
1988),175-89;andBerndPhilippSchroder,DeutschlandundderMittlereOstenim
ZweitenWe1tkrieg,17-28.TheobjectivesofGermanforeignpolicyin theWeimar
years areoutlinedinWernerWeidenfeld,DieEnglandpolitikGustavStresemanns.
TheoretischeundpraktischeAspektederAussenpolitik,36-61.
37.Prufer,memo,23 Nov:1918;jawishtoWesendonk,25 Nov.1918,NARA/T-120/
4953/L368572-573, L368575-576;andReichtreasuryoffice,"ImAnschlussandas
Schreibensvon6.d.M.,"27 Nov.1918,NARA/T-149/365/0002.Regardingposrwarar-
rangementsforIndianrevolutionaries,seeGlasenapp,"Berichrtibermeineamtliche
ReisenachStockholm.,"7 Dec.1918;IndianCommitteetoWesendonk,13Nov.1918;
andGlasenapp,"BerichttibermeineReise nachStockholmunddiedortigen
VerhandlungenmitdemIndischenNationalkomitee,"n.d.,NARA/T-149/400/0800-
05,0848-53,0651-63,respectively.- InMarch 1917 conflictbetweenthesharifandai-Masrihadled tothelatter's
dismissalfromhiscommandandreturntoCairo.An Arabnationalist,ai-Masri
hadheldanambiguouspositiontowardtheArabrevolt.Atthewar'sbeginninghe
toldtheBritishthathefavoredthecreationofaunitedArabstate,independentof
Turkey.ButduringMay 1915 hehadapproachedtheGermans,urgingthepreserva-
tionoftheOttomanEmpire,givingTurksandArabsas well asothernationalities
autonomousstatus.HeadvocatedcollaborationwithGermanybecausehebelieved
itwouldsupportsuchanOttomanstateandbecausehe sawthataBritishvictory
wouldendangerOttomanunity.InApril1918,aftertheBritishHighCommissioner
inCairo,Wingate,hadallowedai-Masrito go toSpain,hecontactedtheGerman
embassyinMadrid.AlthoughtheGermansdisagreedoveral-Masri'spoliticalreli-
ability,afterthewartheybelievedhimuseful-inthewordsoftheAA-"forGerman
policyinArabia,"andpaidhimaccordingly.See AA, "G.A,"6 Aug. 1919;Bassewitz
(charged'affairesattheMadridembassy)to AA, 23Jan.1919;CountWedel(AA) to
SektionPolitik,13Apr.1918;AA toSektionPolitik, 23 June1918;andAA(Wesendonk)
toSektionPolitik, 19 Oct.1918,NARA/T-120/4953/L368595,L368597, L368493-494,
L368515-516,L368555-557,respectively.Also, seePruferto AA, II Aug.1918,PA/Tiirkei
165/Bd. 43;Khadduri,12-13;andJankowski,"EgyptandEarlyArabNationalism,"
257.ForhiscontactingtheGermansin1915,noteabove,II6. Alsoduring1918,al-
MasrivisitedSirArthurHardinge,theBritishambassadorinMadrid;theFOcalled
hima"dangerouspro-Turk"whowould"playhavocwithourplans"andcautioned
theambassadortowardhim.Nevertheless,theBritishpaidandretainedcontact
withai-Masri.SeetheFaminutesonHardingetoBalfour, 14 Jan.1918;Hardingeto
Fa,4 May 1918;Fa,memo,May1918,withWingatetoFa,SMay 1918,andFa
minutesattached;andWO toFa, 23 Sept.1918,PRO/Fa371/3396/14436,79524,79673,
(^161) 448.
39.Bernlegationto AA,8Jan.1919,NARA/T-149/365/0006;andAA,memo, 4 Sept.
1919,NARA/T-120/4953/L368630.
- See above, 274n-45.AccordingtoJames,RiseandFallofthe British Empire,367,
at the war'sendsome"306,000imperialtroopsincluding92,000Indiansand20,000