War by Revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I

MUSLIMUNRESTANDGERMANSUPPORT 33

onitsdivisions.Hecooperatedwithitsmoderatepartybutrefused
totoleratetheextremistsFaridandal-jawish,whomheexiled."
Kitchener'scrusadealsotouchedupontheGermans.Continually
apprehensiveaboutBerlin'smeddlesomepolicytowardEgypt, hekept
thesizeofBritain'speacetimemilitarygarrisonin thecountryat
roughlysixthousandtroops.Moreover,in September19II heun-
leashedabitter,ifminor,controversywiththeGermansbyrejecting
theirsuggestionthattheEgyptiannationallibraryappointPruferas
its newdirectorandthattheCairomuseumnameaGermanas its
secondincommand.v
TheGermansalsopresentedyetanotherproblemfortheBritishin
Egypt.DuringtheTurkish-Italianwar OfI9II-1912, inwhichTurkey
lostLibya to Italy,theGermanconsulate-generalinCairopursueda
pro-Turkishandpan-Islamicpolicy.Partoftheconsulate-general's
assistancetotheTurksinthewar was tocollectmoneyfromEgyp-
tiansand,byemphasizingpan-Islamism,torecruitBedouinsas sol-
diers to helptheirfellowtribesmenandTurkishforces in Libyafight
theItalians.wTheprojectfoundered,however,partlybecausetheYoung
Turksdidnotsupportit,resentingtheinvolvementofGermany,a
foreignandChristianstate,inpan-Islamicactivity.Thewarended
withTurkey'sdefeatandlossofLibya;theOttomanfailuresin Libya
andin theBalkanwarsof 1912 and 1913 persuadedtheGermansto
studymoreextensivelyBritishmilitaryandsecuritymeasuresin Egypt.
FritzKlein, aGermanofficerassignedtotheconsulate-general,re-
portedinApril 1912 onBritain'sincreasedfortificationsalongthe
Turkish-EgyptianborderandontheSinaiPeninsulameantto pre-
ventTurkishtroopsfrompenetratingtothecanal. Klein inaddition
investigatedpossibleOttomaninvasionroutesthroughthepeninsula."

The Young Turks and Arab Policy

ThelossofLibyaandtheremnantsofTurkey'sEuropeanempire
prompted,on 23 January1913,acoupinConstantinoplethatfinally
placedtheCUP fully inpower.Atriumviratethatcombinedcommit-
teeandarmyinfluencedominatedthenewregime:EnverPasha,a
formermilitaryattacheinBerlinandanadmirerofGermany;Jemal
Pasha,anarmycolonelandmilitarygovernorofConstantinople;and