Before the Bobbies. The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720-1830

Notes 175

20. Brewer, 'The Wilkites and the Law', p. 148.


21. Dickinson, The Politics of the People, p. 156. Dickinson provides an excellent
    synthesis of current scholarship on this issue.


22. Quoted in M.S. Pike, The Principles of Policing (Macmillan, 1985), pp. 70--71.


23. Landau, The Justices of the Peace, pp. 35~. See also Wrightson, '1\vo Con-
    cepts of Order', in Brewer and Styles, (eds),An Ungovernable People, pp. 21-46
    and Kent, The English VIllage Constable.


24. See, for example, Kent, The English Village Constable, pp. 307-11 and Landau,
    Justices of the Peace, pp. 360--62.


25. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, pp. 225-37 and Chap. 10.


26. Rude, Wrlkes and Liberty, pp. 178-84 and W. Shelton, English Hunger and
    Industrial Disorders (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), pp. 172-5,
    180.


27. Charles Reith, however, has portrayed local law enforcement as a failure
    because of such riots, the Wilkite riots in particular: ~part from their various
    inherent individual defects, a glance will show that the chief tactical weakness
    of their alinement [sic] was the almost total absence, if a military simile is
    excusable, of front-line contact with the enemy. Against the pressure of sus-
    tained attack by the forces of crime and mob disorder, there were available only
    a useless and incompetent handful of skirmishers consisting of the constables
    and night watchmen.' Reith, The Police Idea, p. 21. For Reith's view of Wilkes
    and the riots of the 1760s, see pp. 35-53.


28. S. Welch,~ Letter upon the Subject of Robberies, Wrote in the Year 1753', in
    A Proposal to Render Effectual a Plan, to Remove the Nuisance· of Comrrwn
    Prostitutes from the Streets of the Metropolis (1758), p. 48.


29. Rude, Hanoverian London, p. 11.


30. George, London Life, p. 65.


31. Rude, Hanoverian London, p. 11. See also George, London Life, pp. 64-5.


32. Rude, Hanoverian London, pp. 10--12; George, London Life, pp. 64, 84.


33. Rude, Hanoverian London, pp. 10--12. See Rude', Wrlkes and Liberty, pp. 4-5.


34. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, pp. 273-310.


35. Earle, Making of English Middle Class, pp. 240--42.


36. For a statistical analysis that shows the trend towards increased social segrega-
    tion in London in the later eighteenth century, see L.S. Schwarz, 'Social
    Oass and Social Geography: The Middle Oasses in London at the End of
    the Eighteenth Century', in The Eighteenth-Century Town, ed. Borsay, pp.
    315-37.


37. London Parishes (1824), pp. 142-54.


38. The 11 parishes were St Anne, Umehouse; St Dunstan, Stepney; St George-in-
    the-East; StJames, Oerkenwell; StJohn, Wapping; St Leonard, Shoreditch; St
    Mary, Islington; St Mary, Whitechapel; St Matthew, Bethnal Green; and St
    Paul, Shadwell. This does not include hamlets like Poplar, Ratcliffe and Mile
    End which were separate units of local government and had their own vestries.


39. Webb and Webb, The Parish and the County, pp. 79-91. For an especially
    riotous meeting in Bethnal Green, see St Matthew, Bethnal Green, VM, 6
    Feb. 1823.


40. Webb and Webb, Parish and County, pp. 228-9n.


41. London Parishes, pp. 115-40.


42. The Daily Gazetteer, no. 723, 28 Oct. 1737.


43. For details on the passage of these acts, see my 'Night Watch', p. 125.


44. CJ, vol. XXVII, pp. 346-7.