Before the Bobbies. The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720-1830

184 Notes

70. Madan, Thoughts on Executive Justice, pp. 11-12.


71. Radzinowicz, History, Vol. I, pp. 277--86. See also C. Phillipson, Three Criminal
    Law Reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly (Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith,
    1923, reprint 1970), Part I; Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 555-6. For
    Beccaria's influence on Bentham, see J. Dinwiddy, Bentham (Oxford: Oxford
    University Press, 1989), pp. 2-3, 50, 80.


72. See Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 568-73; M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of
    Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (New York:
    Pantheon Books, 1978), pp. 47-79; for a critique of Ignatieff, see DeLacy,
    Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700-1850, pp. 15-19. See also Hume, Bentham
    and Bureaucracy, Chap. 5; Sir W. Holdsworth, 'Bentham's Place in English
    Legal History', California Law Review, 28 (1940), pp. 566--86; B. Rodman,
    'Benthatn and the Paradox of Penal Reform', Journal of the History of Ideas,
    29 (1968), pp. 197-210; R.A. Cooper, 'Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry, and
    English Prison Reform', Journal of the History of Ideas, 42 (1981), pp. 675-90.


73. Simon Devereaux has made an important recent contribution to this debate in
    his 'Convicts and the State'. See also my 'Night Watch', pp. 274-5.


74. N. Hampson, The Enlightenment (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books,
    1968), pp. 38-9; see also W. Stafford, Socialism, Rtldicalism and Nostalgia:
    Social Criticism in Britain, 1775-1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
    Press, 1987), pp. 32-46.


75. J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. W.
    Harrison (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1948), p. 289.


76. See M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan
    Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), p. 9.


77. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, pp. 225-7.


78. Quoted in Phillipson, Three Criminal Law Reformers, p. 295. See also Bentham,
    Principles of Morals and Legislation, p. 261.


79. J. Hanway, Defects of Police (1775), p. xi.
    80. Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 530.


80. Brewer, 'The Wilkites and the Law', p. 136.


81. Devereaux, 'Convicts and the State', pp. 170--80; Emsley, Crime and Society,
    p. 219.
    83. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, pp. 238-72; E. Bristow, Vzce and
    Vzgilance: Purity Movements in Britain since 1700 (Rowman and Macmillan,
    1977), pp. 2-3, 11-20.
    84. Quoted in J. Pollock, Wilberforce (New York: St Martin's Press, 1977), p. 61.
    See also Radzinowicz, History, vol. III, pp. 488-90.
    85. M.J.D. Roberts, 'The Society for the Suppression of Vice and its Early Critics,
    1802-1812', The Historical Journal 26 (1983), pp. 161-3.
    86. Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 603. See also Radzinowicz, History, vol. III,
    pp. 141-65.
    87. Pollock, Wilberforce, pp. 137--8.
    88. Quoted in Pollock, Wilberforce, p. 62.
    89. A. Shubert, 'Private Initiative in Law Enforcement: Associations for the Pro-
    secution of Felons, 1744-1856', in V. Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment
    (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981), pp. 31-2. For more on
    victims as prosecutors, see P. King, 'Decision-Makers and Decision-Making
    in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800', The Historical Journal 27 (1984),
    pp. 25-58.
    90. Emsley, Crime and Society, p. 145 and Beattie, Crime and the Courts, pp. 48-50.