Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais
NOTES TO CHAPTER I 1025
- Ping-ti Ho. Ladder of Success in Imperial China, pp. I6S-67 et passim.
- Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China: A Snair of' Tung-Cil eng County,
Anhwei, in the Ming and Ch 'ing dynasties (Cambridge: Camhridge University Press,
1979),
- Edward W. Wagner, "The Ladder of Success in Yi Dynasty Korea," Occasional
Papers on Korea, no, 1 (April 1974), p. 4.
- Yi Songmu, ClwsLin ch 'ogi yanghan yon 'gu, pp. 59-65.
- James B. Palais, "The Aristocratic/Bureaucratic Balance in Korea," Harvard Jour-
nal ()fAsiatic Studies 44, no. 2 (December 1984):427-68.
- See the discussion of the origin of choronyms in Chinese history in David G. John-
son, The Medieval Chinese Oligarchy (Boulder. Colorado: Westview Press, 1977).
- Song June-ho, "Choson yanghan-go," pp. 282-87, 320.
- For a description of saj(ln in the early Kory() period see James B. Palais, "Land
Tenure in Korea: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries," Journal ot' Korean Studies 4 (1982-83):
73-206, In the sixth lunar month of 1388 King U said that "the land laws had been
destroyed" hecause the rich and powerful had accumulated too mueh land. The Supreme
Council (Top'y()ng'uisasa) noted that there was not supposed to be any prebendal land
(sajon) in the northwest and northeastern provinces, and if an investigation revealed that
any existed illicitly, it was to be confiscated by the government. In the ninth lunar month
of 1390 King Kongyang ordered the burning of all registers for both kongjon and sqj(ln
in the streets of the capital. Koryosa [History of the Koryo dynasty] 2 (Seoul: Y()nhiii
taehakkyo eh'ulp'anbu, 1955):78:24b; 714:38a. Hereafter referred to as KRS.
- See the discussion on kongjon and mil/jon during the early Koryo dynasty in Palais,
"Land Tenure in Korea," p. I20. On occasion minjrln was also referred to colloquially
as s(~jljn in the sense of "privately lowned] land" rather than in its normal sense as
"prebend," an unfortunate habit for later historians who have had difficulty in determining
when and whether that term referred to prebendal allotments or private property.
- KRS 78:38a, 5th lunar month, third year of King Kongyang's reign (1391).
47, Ihid. 78:2ob-28a, especially the proposals listed from 78:26a on, proposing the
adoption of a new prebendal system. For the remarks of the censor, Yi Haeng, and the
Minister of Justice, Cho In'ok, see ibid. 78:29a, 32b.
- A chaste widow without children received only half her husband's prebend after
his death, ibid. 78:40a, 5th lunar month, 139 I. For discussion of grants to widows
(kubunjon or susinjon) and orphans (hyuryangji5n) see Yi Kyongsik, Chason chOn 'gi t'oji
chedo yon'gu, pp. 87, 152-53.
- KRS 78:26a-b. Cho was not averse to state takeovers of land, but he only called
for a temporary confiscation of land in the northern two frontier provinces for a period
of three years prior to a major program for a cadastral resurvey to provide emergency
provisions for the troops there and salaries for incumbent officials, ihid. 78:25a-26a,
78:38h, 5th month, 1,,9 I.
So. Ihid. 711:34h.
- See in particular the memorial ofHo Ong, ibid. 78:34a.
- Ibid. 711:36a-h, King Kongyang, accession year (1389), 12th month. For final adop-
tion of this provision in 5th month, I39I, ibid. 78:4oa-b.
