Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais
1026 NOTES TO CHAPTER I
- Yi Kyongsik, Chason cht'in 'gi t'aji chedo yon 'gu, pp. TOT, 284. Yi's explanation of
the purpose of the kll'aji5n prebends is much preferable to that of Ch'on Kwan'u, who
thought that the objective was only to provide for salaries of officials. but Ch'on was right
when he said that the reform was more of a fiscal or revenuc reform than a land reform.
Ch'on Kwan 'u, '"Han'guk t'oji chedosa, ha" (part 2) [The Korcan land system, part 2], in
Han 'guk mllnhlmsa-daegye [A grand outline of Korean cultural history J (Seoul: Koryo
taehakkyo minjok munhwa y6n'guso, 1965), p. 1397.
54· KRS 78:36b.
- Ibid. 78 :36b-37a,
- Ibid. 78:39b. Yi Kyongsik, Chosiin cht'in 'gi t 'aji chedo yon 'gu, pp. 103-4; Ch'on
Kwan'u, "Han'guk t'oji chedosa, ha" (part 2), p. 1438.
- KRS 78 :4ob.
- Yi Kyongsik, Choson chOn 'gi t'aji chedo Y(ln 'gu, pp, 277, 293; Han Yong'u, "Tae-
jong, Sejongjo iii taesajon sich'aek: sajon iii hasamdo igup munje rlU chungsim uro" [Pol-
icy toward saj(ln in T'aejong 's and Sejong's reigns: Particularly thc problem of transferring
grants of sajon to the southern three provinces], Han 'guksa yiln '!{U 3 (March 1969):47,
and Ch'6n Kwan'u, "Han'guk t'oji chedosa, ha" (part 2), p. '439, give different figures:
149,300 kyii/, of which 84, TOO kyo/ for kwajon, 21,240 ky6/ for kongsinjiln (merit sub-
ject land), and 4,460 kyii/ for sa sa (temples and shrines). In addition 39,280 kyoZ quasi-
sajon prebendal grants to granaries, palaces (of princes and princesses), yamen for
expenses, and land for salaries to incumbent officials. Ch'on estimated that three-quar-
tcrs of the land of the province was dcvotcd to prebends or "semi-prebends,"
- Chong Tojon, "Choson kyongguk, sang" [The management of Choson, part I],
Sambongjip (Seoul: Kuksa p'yonch'an wiwonhoe, 196,), pp. 214-15.
- See Duncan, "Koryo Origins of the Choson Dynasty."
- Yi Kyi'mgsik, CllOsDn clu)n'gi t'aji chedo yon'gu, pp. 192-98. Yi discusscd here
the situation under the kwaj61l system in the early fifteenth century, but his description
also holds for the Koryo pcriod as well.
- Ibid .. pp. '35-37. Two notices in 1394 and 1397 indicated that thcrc was a ban
against tcnancy. and the latter explicitly forbade sharecropping except for plots smaller
than 3-4 kvill and only in the case of widows and orphans without slaves who were unable
to cultivate the land themselves. See Yi Ky6ngsik, "Simnyuk segi chijuch'ung ui
tonghyang" [Trends in the landlord stratum in the sixteenth century], Yoksa kyoyuk 19
(April 1976): 1 63-64.
- Fukaya Toshitetsu had defined land tenure in the Koryo period in terms of multi-
ple rights to the same parcel of land according to which total and absolute ownership
was limited by other rights, but his views were the product of his assumption that land
was ultimately owned by the state. Since that notion has been rejected by most scholars,
his theory has been weakcncd. hut it still retains a germ of truth. Sce Palais, '"Land Tenure
in Korea, pp. '35-3 6 , '44-50.
- Ch6ng Toji'ln. "Chos6n kyonggukchon, ha" [Institutes for the management of the
state, part 2], SUllliJmlgjip (Seoul: Kuksa p'y6neh'an wiw6nhoe, 19 (1), pp. 233-34,
237-38.
- For more detail see part 4, Military Reform, below.
