NOTES TO CHAPTER TO 1093
diers created in the wake of the Japanese invasions. These types are listed in a note (in
small-sized type) on ibid. 21 :29a.
- Ibid. 21 :29b. 21 A6a. 21 :48a-b, 2 I :62b.
- lbid. 21: II a-h. For Yu 's remarks on how low the two p 'il rate was. see ibid. 2 I :36b.
- This form of evasion as practiced in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
is discussed in detail in Chong Yonsik, "Sipeh'il-sippal segi yangyok kyuniIhwa
ehOngch'aek ui ch'uui" [The trend in policy toward a uniform labor service tax on men
of good status in the seventeenth and eighteenth eenturiesl, Han'guksaron 13 (August
198 5):121-82. - PGSR 21:1 1b-12a. See the memorial ofUch'amch'an (State Councilor) Kwon Ch6k
in 1750, Yongjo sillok 71 :24b-25a. - PGSR 21: 14a, 4Ia-b.
IOI. Ibid. 21:29b.
I02. Ibid. 21 :57a.
I03. Ibid. 2 I:29b. - Ibid. 21 :9a. At the bcginning of the dynasty the Forbidden Soldiers (i.e .. Soldiers
of the Forbidden Quarters) consisted of three units attached to the Dragon Tiger Regi-
ment (Yonghoyong): the Naegiimwi, Kyomsabok, and Urimwi. According to one source,
when a Forbidden Soldier Agcncy (Kiimgunch'ong), or Agency of the Three Forbidden
Soldier Guards (Kiimgun samch'6ng). was created in [666, there were 200 men each in
the Kyomsabok and Urimwi, and 300 in the Naegumwi, somewhat less than Yu's esti-
mate. KSDSJ I :226. See also Yi Kiing'ik, Yrilly()sil kisul, pyolehip Yonghoyong (article
on the Dragon Tiger Regiment), cited in Ch'a Munsop, "Sonch'o iii Naegiimwi" [The Inner
Forhidden Guards of early Choson], in idem, Chason sidae kunje yon 'gu (1973), p. 54. - PGSR 21:6a.
- Ch'a Munsi"Jp, "Sonch'o iii Naegumwi," pp. 52-56, 64-82. For the exemption
from the military examinations in obtaining an appointment to the Naegllmwi, see
Kybnggllk taej(l/I (Keij6: [934), p. 341. - Ch'a Munsi"Jp made this point about the trends in quotas in the fifteenth and early
sixteenth centuries. As one example, he cited the recommendation of Chong Inji and Sin
Sukchu in [474 to cut the Naegiimwi back from 200 to 100 on the grounds there were
too many poor soldiers in it. Despite opposition to this, King Songjong, known as a rather
meek and mild-mannered king, accepted the proposal. Nonetheless, the law code pro-
mulgated in 1485 did have a quota of 190. Yonsan'gun increased the quota in 1505. He
changed the names of the duty soldier and the reserve guards as well. Ch'a reports that
the quota right after the Imjin Wars was 440, almost 200 less than Yu Hyongwon's esti-
mate for the mid-seventeenth century. "Si"Jnch'o iii Naegumwi," pp. 87-89.
IOS. The Loyal and Righteous Guards were established in 14 T7 to provide opportu-
nities for service and posts to the descendants of the three lists of merit subjects who had
backed both T'aejo and T'aejong in their political struggles. They were organiLCd inde-
pendently, divided into four groups and served on guard duty in the palace.
Then in 1445, Sejong created the 600-man Loyal and Ohedient Guards to provide oppor-
tunities for nephews and sons-in-law as well as direct descendants of the top three ranks.