Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais

NOTES TO CHAPTER r6 I I IS

33. PGSR I7:T9b.


34. Ihid. I7:20a. Yu"s main interest was economy of personnel in the top command
    structure, because he also pointed out that the total number of officials by the reign of
    Emperor Ai (6-1 B.C.) had reached 130,285. Elsewhere. when he listed only 7.567 offi-
    cials in the Later Han. he must have been referring to regular officials alone. Ihid. 18: lOb.


35. Ibid. I7:28b- 29 h.


36. Ihid. 17:29h-32h; T 8: T 3a-14a. Yu agreed that there were a large numher of offi-
    cials in Sung times but made no attempt to assess the accurate number because of over-
    lapping responsibility, vacant offices, extra or irregular officials, and general irregularity.
    Ibid.I8:lIa.


37. Ibid.


38. Ibid. 18:22b-23b.


39. Ibid. 17:33a, 35b; 18:14b. Yu estimated the total number of officials in the Sung
    dynasty at 200400. Ihid. 18: II a.
    4o.lhid.


40. Ihid. 25: I5b-ISb.


41. Ibid. 25:Sa-6h.


42. Ihid. 25:3a-Sh.


43. Ihid. 25:6b-9h.
    45· Ibid. 25: Ia-3a.


44. Ibid. 25: I2a; KSDSJ 2: I 383.


45. PGSR 25:12a-13a.


46. Ibid. 13:4a-b.


47. MHBG 216:24b-25a. For other opinions. sec ibid. 24b-27b.


48. MHBG 216:28a-29a.

CHAPTER 16. Reforming the Central Bureaucracy

I. PGSR 15A6h.

2. Yu took the time to draw up a list of total government offices for major dynasties
   from the 200 (or 120) officials of the Hsia, 200 (or 240) of the Yin (Shang). The num-
   her in parentheses was supplied by the Han commcntator, Ch'eng Hslian. Ibid. 18:Ioa.


3. Ibid. 17:2b-3a. See 17: la-b for dcscription of these six officials, and the Chou-kuan
   section ofthe Shang-shu, Ikeda Sueri, ed., Zenvaku kambun taikei ed. II (Tokyo: Shiieisha,
   1976 ) :632-34.


4. PGSR 17: 1 9a.


5. For dates of publication, see Ajia rekishijiten 6 (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1962):384-S5.


6. PGSR 17:20a-2 1 a. The reduction of officials in the Later Chou reflects Yu's statis-
   tics in the post-Han pcriod: 6.836 for the Chin, 6,172 for the Sung. 7.764 for the Later
   (Northern) Wei, and 2,989 for the Later (Northern) Chou, in ibid. [8: rob


7. YU's figure for the Sui dynasty was 12,576 officials, of which 2,SSI were capital
   officials and 9.995 provincial. ibid. 18: lOb-I I a, 13a.


8. Ibid. I7:2Ib-22a. My colleague, Jack Dull, has informed me that the Masters of
   Documents were Han imperial secretaries and that the Nine Courts were modeled after