1116 NOTES TO CHAPTER 16
the Nine Ministers (Chiu-ch'ing) of the Han dynasty, but in the Sui and Tang they were
virtually sinecures. Michael Loewe, "The Fonner Han Dynasty," in Cambridge History
of China I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986): I 8 I et passim. Yu Hyongwon,
in an addendum to this section, also described the six Shang-shu ofthe Han, PGSR 17:33a.
For the Tang Six Boards (Liu-pu) and their twenty-four bureaus (Ssu), see ibid.
17:34a-3sa.
- PGSR 17:22a-2Sb. Yu also listed the total number of Tang officials at 18,80S, of
which 2,621 were capital officials (Nei-kuan) and 16,18S provincial officials in prefects
and districts, ibid. 18:IIa.
- Ibid. 17:26a; see also citations from the T'ung-tien in ibid. 18: I 8b; Denis Twitch-
ett and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China 3 (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1979):203.
I I. The citation is to Chu Hsi Yu-lu [A record ofthe sayings ofChu Hsi]. PGSR 17:27a.
- PGSR 18:17b-I8b.
- Ibid. 18:19a.
- Ibid. 18:I9a-2Ib.
IS. Ibid. I8:21b.
- Ibid. 17:29b-32b; 18:13a-14a. Yu agreed that there was a large number of offi-
cials in Sung times but made no attempt to assess the accurate number because of over-
lapping responsibility, vacant offices, extra or irregular officials, and general irregularity,
ibid. 18:1 Ia.
- Ibid. 17:3b.
- Ibid. 17: 17b.
- Ibid. IS:la-b.
- Ibid. 16: I ob-I I b; Kuksadaesajon [Great dictionary of national history] (hereafter,
KSDSJ) 1:941; Ch'on Kwan'u, "Pan'gye Yu Hyongwon yon'gu" [A study ofYu Hyongwon],
in idem, Kunse Chosonsa yon 'gu (Seoul: Ilchogak, 1979), pp. 308-9.
2 I. PGSR 16: I2a-I 3a; KSDSJ 1:426.
- PGSR IS:I9a-lOa.
- Ibid. 16:13a-14a, 20b-22a.
- Ibid. 16:2a-2b.
2S. Ibid. 16:3b-4b.
- Ibid. 16:4a.
- Ibid. 16:18b-19b; KSDSJ 1:233; 2:1330.
- PGSR 16:13a-14a.
- The highest officials were the Taejehak, Chehak, and Pujehak. Ibid. IS:6b.
- Ibid. IS:6b; 16:9b-lOa.
3 I. Ibid. I S:6b-8b.
- Ibid. IS:2b-4b.
33· Ibid. 17:3sa.
- Ibid. 16:8a-9a; IS:4a-sa.
3S. There was a Slave Bureau (Changyesa) in the Kyongguk taejon, the law code first
promulgated in 1469, that was responsible only for maintaining the slave registers, not
the adjudication of lawsuits over ownership and status. Han Woo-keun [Han Ugun] et
