NOTES TO CHAPTER [6 I I T7
ai., eds., Yokchu Kvongguk taejcJn [Translated and annotated Great Code for managing
the state] (Songnam. Kyonggi Province: Han'guk chongsin munhwa yon'guwan. 1985),
p. 20, referred to hereafter as Han Woo-keun, KGTJ. The same description is contained
in the 1865 revised code, the TaejlJn hoet'ong, Kyoshu Taiden kaiden [The emended and
annotated edition of the Taejiin hoet'ong) (Keijo: Chosen sotokufu ChOsuin. 1939), p.
- This text is referred to hereafter as TJHT.
36. PGSR I5=2a, 2b, 4a, I I a; I6:9a-b.
37. Ibid. r7:2a.
38. Ibid. I7:2a, !2b.
39. Ibid. I5:5b.
40. Ibid. I5:!2a-I3a.
41. Ibid. I5:I3a-16a.
42. Ibid. 15:16b-18b.
43. Ibid. 15= 19a-20a.
44. Ibid. r6: 18h; 1 5:20b-21 a; KSDSJ 2: 1620, article on pyangsiso. This office was
not abolished until the Kabo reform of 1894, a sign of the influence of tradition over
Korean I i rc.
45. PGSR 15:16b.
46. Ihid. 15:18h-19a.
47. Ibid. I5:22b, 23b.
48. Ibid. I5:22h-23b.
49. Ibid. 15:24a. The whole central government reorganized byYu's plan would work
out as follows, with separate agencies organized under the control of one of the six min-
istries. See appendix to chap. 16.
50. Ibid. 25:3a-5b.
51. Ibid. I 5:30a. See the description of these clerks in Chou times in ibid. 18:23b-26a.
52. Ihid. 18:24b-25a.
53. Ihid. 15=30a.
54. Ibid. 15 :29b- 31 a; Han Yong'u, "Choson ch'ogi iii sanggup sori 'Songjunggwan, '"
[On the collective posts of high-level clerks in the early Chosan period] Tong'a munhwa
IO (Septemher 197 I): 1 9.
55. Songjo .I·il/ok 33, Songjong 4.8.kyehaek, cited in Yi Sangmu, Choson ch 'ogi yang-
han y()n 'gu [A study of the yangban in the early Choson period] (Seoul: Ilchogak, 1980),
pp. 105-7, esp. p. 106 n.278. Han Yang'u pointed out that of an estimated 400 to 500
high level clerks in the capital, about twenty a year were promoted to rank six regular
positions, "Chason ch'ogi iii sanggiip sari 'Sangjungwan,'" [On the collective posts of
high level clerks in the early Choson period], Tonga munhwa (September 1971), pp. 4-5,
18,20-41. Han Yong'u's general position on the early Chason period was that the ratio-
nal, bureaucratic stress on examination replaced the aristocratic, status proclivities of the
late Korya dynasty, but that this general spirit was lost by the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies. There are many others, however, who would dispute the sharpness of Han's por-
trayal of the radical transformation of early Choson society. Ibid .. p. 45.
56. A schedule of l1okkwal1 posts for 24 of the 128 chief clerks. or 19 percent, was
established in 14 I 4. Eight of 18 chief clerks of the Six Ministries received salaries, or