ROYAL DIVISION MODEL 411
itary service was probably limited to military families, and the state granted sol-
diers, along with other civil functionaries of the state, prebendal rather than land
grants in exchange for their service. 54
Nonetheless, the Koryosa account, which Yu cited, explained that thelu-ping
system lasted supposedly until the establishment of the Pyolmuhan or special
military unit during the reign of Sukchong (r. 1095-1105). Although this mea-
sure was only a temporary reorganization adopted as part of the campaign against
the Eastern lurchen, it was significant because it abandoned the various status
exemptions of early Koryo and required almost everyone in society, from offi-
cials without posts, clerks, merchants, slaves, and Buddhist monks, to serve in
the army. While this modification might appear more admirable to some twen-
tieth-century observers because it was more egalitarian in its distribution of ser-
vice, it was deplored by the status-conscious compilers of the Koryosa (as
opposed to Hamaguchi) who associated status discrimination with the admirable
features of the .tIL-ping system. They also deplored the destruction of the sys-
tem when mil i tary commanders usurped political power in 1 170 and converted
the troops of the national army into private soldiers under thcir own personal
control. This, they believed, left the government virtually with no armies of its
own to defend the country against the Mongol invaders after the [230s.
Again the status-conscious compilers of the Koryosa were offended by the
government's desperate scramble to find troops by ignoring all the customary
taboos against mixing the higher and lower orders of society in the armed forces.
They might recruit men from the capital without regard to whether they were
noble or base in status. They might inspect the civil and military officials with-
out posts, the paekchring [men of intermediate status hetween commoners and
base persons I. or the clerks and select them for service. Or they might take the
house servants r i.e., slaves 1 of officials of the fourth rank or higher, or recruit
people on the basis of the size of their families. Thus the condition of the state
was destitute until the time when the dynasty actually felLs5The compilers of the Koryosa, in other words, believed that maintaining nec-
essary status distinctions by excluding men of lower status, particularly slaves,
from military service was a necessary feature of the ju-ping system. Although
Hamaguchi asserted that in fact this was so, this feature had never been adver-
tised by Ju-ping admirers like Ou-yang Hsiu or Su Shih, nor praised as part of
the militia system in the classics. The power of Korean custom had apparently
emphasized a view of the essential nature of the Chinese ,fit-ping system that
conformed to Korean practice and prejudice.
Yu also cited the Korwisa's decription of the frustrated attempt of King Kong-
min (r. 1351-74) to reinstate some version of the T'ang plihyong (jil-ping in Chi-
nese) system.Sh In emulation of what he thought was the essence of that system,
Kongmin ordered in 1356 that the state grant seventeen kyl51 of land as a
chOke hOng (full quota land grant to an adult able-bodied male liable for mili-