- chapter 55: Portraiture –
9 Tuck 1994: 624.
10 Small: 40, 43 and 202: no. 18.
11 Tuck 1994: 624 and Figures 9–10.
12 Brendel 1995: 106: “In their own way, the Villanovan ossuaries covered with a helmet already
expressed the same thought [e.g. ‘they were the last and lasting bodies of the dead’], for a
helmet was the personal attribute and prerogative of a warrior, and therefore a badge of social
distinction as well.” Also see Warden 2008: 96–97.
13 Brendel: 1995: 106; Prag 2002: 60; Small 2008: 56.
14 Small 2008: 49.
15 Ibid: 48.
16 Ibid: 109.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid: 130–131.
19 Prag 2002: 60.
20 See also Small 2008: 48–49, who notes that “Greek art doesn’t achieve recognizable likenesses
until the fi fth century bce at the earliest, and not consistently until the Hellenistic period.”
21 Brendel 1995: 92 and Figures 62–63; Haynes 2000: 83.
22 Brendel 1995: 93.
23 Haynes 2000: 216.
24 Brendel 1995: 133.
25 Haynes 2000: 170.
26 Brendel 1995: 104–105.
27 Haynes 2000: 155.
28 Warden 2008: 98.
29 Prag 2002: 62; Söderlind 2002: 208–239.
30 Small 2008: 57–58.
31 Brendel 1995: 392–93; Prag 2002: 62.
32 Ginge 2002: 12; Prag 2002.
33 Barker and Rasmussen 1998: 224.
34 Turfa 2006; Edlund-Berry 2008: 88.
35 Turfa 2005: 244.
36 Turfa 2006, 102; see also Brendel (1995: 393) who writes that these heads “most probably
stood for the devotees who dedicated them; possibly, they served as a symbolic substitute for
the whole person – a pars pro toto.”
37 Nagy 2011: 124.
38 Edlund-Berry 2008: 89.
39 Prag (2002: 61) wonders “whether this ‘personalising’ approach of a ‘typical’ product...
represents the true Etruscan attitude to individual portraiture, or [if it] was merely the result
of technical convenience.
40 Brendel 1995: 394.
41 Nagy 2011: 123 and Figure 20.
42 Prag 2002: 61.
43 Nagy 2011: 123–124, with further bibliography, and Fig. 20.
44 Söderlind 2002: 232.
45 Vatican Museums, Inv. 14107.
46 Brendel 1995: 320 and Figure 241; Torelli 2001: 631 (no. 302).
47 Söderlind 2002: 227–232 and Figure 139.
48 See Turfa 2006: 102, and Figure VI.14; Torelli 2001: 631 (no. 304).
49 Söderlind 2002: 232; Turfa 2006: Figure VI.6a; Torelli 2001: 631 (no. 305).
50 See Nagy (2011) and Steiner (2008: 143) for a discussion of the less individualized female
votives.