- Richard Daniel De Puma –
NOTES1 Christian Charles Josias, Baron von Bunsen (1791–1860), Prussian diplomat and scholar,
ambassador to the Court of St. James and long-time resident of London.
2 J. D. Beazley, “The World of the Etruscan Mirror,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 69, 1949: 1–17.
3 E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, vols. I–1V (Berlin, 1840–1867). Volume V was completed by
A. Klügmann and G. Körte (Berlin, 1897). Approximately 911 mirrors are included in the
fi ve volumes, abbreviated here as ES. See also, Zimmer 1997.
4 Three CSE fascicules appeared in 1981: H. Salskov Roberts, CSE Denmark 1, Copenhagen,
The Danish National Museum, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek; G. Sassitelli, CSE Italia 1,
Bologna, Museo Civico I and II.
5 The fi rst large collection of mirror sections was published by Denise Rebuffat-Emmanuel, Le
Miroir Étrusque d’après la collection du Cabinet des Médailles. Rome: École Française de Rome,
- The sections appear on pls 94–110.
6 See Swaddling et al. 2000: 132, 137, Figs 14, 25.
7 G. Matthies, Die Praenestinischen Spiegel. Strassburg, 1912.
8 G. Mansuelli, “Materiali per un supplemento al ‘corpus’ degli specchi etruschi fi gurati, I–II,
Studi Etruschi 16, 1942: 531–551 and Studi Etruschi 17, 1943: 487–521; “Gli specchi etruschi
fi gurati,” Studi Etruschi 19, 1946–1947: 3–137.
9 I. Mayer-Prokop, Die gravierten etruskischen Griffspiegel archaischen Stils. Heidelberg, 1967.
10 See above, note 4.
11 G. Pfi ster-Roesgen, Die etruskischen Spiegel des 5.Jhs.v.Chr. Frankfurt, 1975.
12 R. Lambrechts, Les miroirs étrusques et prénestins des Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire à Bruxelles.
Brussels, 1978.
13 U. Fischer-Graf, Spiegelwerkstätten in Vulci. Berlin, 1980.
14 Of course, there are many smaller studies that record various collections or treat specifi c groups
of mirrors. Here I have not attempted to give a complete history of the study of Etruscan
mirrors that, in fact, goes back to the Renaissance. See, for example, N. de Grummond (ed.),
A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors (Tallahassee, 1982) pp. 1–7.
15 M. P. Baglione and F. Gilotta, CSE Italia 6, Villa Giulia I (Rome, 2007); E. Foddai, CSE
Italia 6, Villa Giulia II (Rome, 2009), includes the collection of the Museo Archeologico,
Palestrina; M. Pacetti, CSE Italia 6, Villa Giulia III (Rome, 2011).
16 H. Hencken, Tarquinia, Villanovans and Early Etruscans (Cambridge, 1968) pp. 47–49, Fig.
35, b; Hencken, Tarquinia and Etruscan Origins (London, 1968) pp. 45, 47, 117 and pl. 59.
Hencken’s dates for the Villanovan I period are circa 1000–750 bc.
17 V. Bianco Peroni, I rasoi nell’Italia continentale (Munich, 1979), pp. 28–30, pls 11–12, nos
125–138. For later mirrors with similar tangs attached by rivets, see R. De Puma, CSE USA
2: Boston and Cambridge (Ames, 1993) no. 37.
18 For mirror types in general, see De Puma, CSE USA 4: Northeastern Collections 2005,
“Notes on Classifi cation and Terminology,” pp. 17–23, Figs A–G.
19 Technical defi nitions: “Engraving” is a process that removes metal with a V- or U-shaped tool.
“Chasing” uses a small chisel-like tool that is hammered to push aside, but not remove, a line
of metal. Although the “default” term used to describe decorated mirrors is “engraved,” there
are many that were actually chased. It is diffi cult to discern these differences with the naked
eye and sometimes ancient polishing or subsequent corrosion obscures the characteristic
markings of each technique.
20 For carved handles in general, see S. Weinberg, “Etruscan Bone Mirror Handles,” Muse 9,
1975: 25–33; De Puma, CSE USA 1, no. 16.
21 See, for example, Mayer-Prokop 1967: 12, S1, pl. 1, 1; Rebuffat-Emmanuel 1973: 123–128,
pl. 18 and pp. 370–374 for the type in general, see De Puma, CSE USA 1, nos 11, 29, 40 and
CSE USA 2, no. 19, with additional parallels from dateable contexts.
22 De Puma, CSE USA 2, nos 15–16.