- chapter 6: Orientalizing Etruria –
31 Camporeale 2011.
32 Zaccagnini 1983.
33 For Mesopotamian infl uences in Etruscan religion, with particular evidence for the
development of forms of divination such as hepatoscopy and brontoscopy, as well as the
drafting of the correlate sacred texts, and the Etruscan relations – at the highest levels of their
society – with Near Eastern cultures, see now Turfa 2012, in particular: 241–277.
34 Naso 1998.
35 Rose, Darbyshire 2011: 3, 16 fi g. 1.2, 24 ff., 92 ff., 166. This research published recently by
the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University of Pennsylvania, presents a
revision of the chronology of the Iron Age at Gordion, combining archaeological data with the
latest dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating. In particular the chronological sequence
of a portion of the 150 known tumuli has been reassigned, changing their relation with the
destruction level of the city, now raised to the end of the ninth century bc, approximately a
century earlier than the traditional chronology. Many tumuli, as in the case of Tumulus MM,
thus become contemporary with the reconstruction of the Middle Phrygian Citadel in the
course of the eighth century bc, which shows a certain interconnection with the Levantine
milieu in relation to the exchange of goods and commodities.
36 Principi Etruschi 2000: 128, no. 78 (M. Marchesi). For the example of Gordion, cf. ibid.: 96,
98 fi g. without no. (F. Delpino).
37 Colonna, von Hase 1984.
38 Pfälzner 2008.
39 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1999.
40 Delpino 2006: 51–54.
41 Cataldi, Mandolesi 2010; Mandolesi, De Angelis 2011.
42 Bonghi Jovino, Chiaramonte Treré 1997: 162–179, 217–220.
43 Bartoloni 2011: 102–110.
44 Boitani, Neri, Biagi 2010.
45 Naso 1996; Minetti 2003.
46 Sciacca, Di Blasi 2003.
47 Sannibale 2003.
48 Pieraccini 2003; Serra Ridgway 2010.
49 Fibula from Castelluccio di Pienza, Chiusi, 650–625 bc: H. Rix, Etruskische Texte, Tübingen
1991: Cl 2.3.
50 For the presence of Urartian and Assyrian bronze imports in Etruria, from the last 30 years of
the eight to the beginning of the seventh century, with particular regard to the ribbed bowls,
see Sciacca 2006.
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