- chapter 9: The last Etruscans –
Keeping in mind the countless theatrical subjects on the chest reliefs, it is no wonder
that the Caecinae chose to convince their fellow-citizens of the benefi ts of the new rule by
giving them a monumental theatre built of stone. Under Roman rule, future fame would
lie in such politically-motivated displays and not in the ostentation of the family tomb.
NOTES1 Since this contribution is based on my own research through the years, the references do not
give true credit to the vast scholarship on the fi eld. I am happy to dedicate the study to my
mother, Helvi Hokkanen-Pettersson, at her 103rd birthday.
2 For example, Nielsen 1989 and 2002; Amann 2006; Benelli 2009.
3 Kaimio 1975; Benelli 1994.
4 For the whole issue see Nielsen 1989 (esp. 82–89) and 2002.
5 Feruglio 2002.
6 Nielsen 1999.
7 Shortly on these aspects, Nielsen 2002: 100–101; latest, the many important contributions in
Cenciaioli (ed.) 2011. “Pupli Velimna [son of] Avle and Cahatia/Publius Volumnius Violens
son of Aulus born of Cafatia.”
8 Benelli 1994, 18–20, no. 7.
9 For the Chiusine tombs and their contents, see for example, Haynes 2000: 333–342. For
the different kinds of Chiusine sarcophagi, ash chests and urns, see various contributions in
Barbagli and Iozzo (eds) 2007, 86–108 (alabaster and travertine urns: F. de Angelis and A.
Rastrelli); 109–122 (terracotta urns: A. Rastrelli and M. Sclafani); 123–125 (bell-urns: E.
Albani). For the terracotta urns, most recently, see Sclafani 2010; for the bell-urns, see also
Bagnasco Gianni 2009.
10 Cf. Benelli 2009, esp. 157–158.
11 For example, Haynes 2000: 335. Such corridor tombs have recently been excavated by Monica
Salvini at San Casciano dei Bagni (I owe this information to Giulio Paolucci).
12 UV 1:26–41 (Maggiani).
13 Maggiani 1975 and 1977; Nielsen 2007.
14 Bonamici 2007: 220–222.
15 UV 1, no. 138; for the phenomenon of recarving male fi gures into female ones see Nielsen
1986: 44–50.
16 Cf. Nielsen 1995: 322–323, tables with all Volterran motifs in chronological order.
17 Brunn 1870: pl. 89: 3; UV 1: no. 164; Nielsen 2007: 171 no. 17.
18 UV 1: no. 126; Nielsen 2007: 163.
19 In the tomb were also kept several undecorated and therefore “undatable” chests (now
removed), which were not described in the nineteenth-century lists, where the focus was on
decorated reliefs.
20 For the Volterran lid fi gures with nodus, see Nielsen 1976: 139. For the carpentum reliefs, see
UV 2:1, nos. 188–214 (not one of the nodus-hairstyles have been mentioned; ibid., no. 217 (a
lid fi gure) describes the hairdo, without commenting on it.
21 Latest, Micheli 2011: 53–56, 61.
22 Other places, like Asciano, also present datable material from the Augustan period, but
without sculptural decoration.
23 Nielsen 1985: 46–47 (all three); UV 2:2, no. 17 (the female fi gure; the neck-tail is not
shown nor described). All the three lids are combined with older chests, whose pertinence is
uncertain. For the neck-tail in general, most recently, Micheli 2011: 62–65.
24 For example, Cateni 2004: 81–82.