- Nancy T. de Grummond –
closely the calendar of Nigidius Figulus. The vitality of the tradition evolving outside of
Mesopotamia is clear.
78 Maggiani 2005, 57–58; Liv. 27.26.13–14; Pliny N.H. 11.189.
79 Pliny N.H. 11.189.
80 Thus the historical Etruscan augur Arruns in Lucan 1.626, obviously alluding to Caesar and
Pompey.
81 Maggiani 2005, 58; Pliny N.H. 11.195.
82 Torelli 2005.
83 Once again the Near Eastern parallels are not lacking. It has been shown convincingly that
the lituus has striking parallels in Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia: Ambos and Krauskopf
- Near Eastern usage of the curved wand in orientation, however, does not seem to have
been demonstrated.
84 Haack 2006. Cf review by Turfa, 2006b.
85 Note the famous Trajanic relief in which the sacrifi ced bull lies on its back as the offi ciants
examine the protruding entrails. Beard, North and Price 1998, II, 178–179.
86 See Collins 2008, especially 319 and 324. He notes, however, that there were nuances in the
interpretation depending on color, texture and presence or absence of features such as the
caudate lobe.
87 In general see Thulin, III, 106–115; Pfi ffi g 1975, 150–152; Schilling 1992, 94–97; Maggiani
2005, 65–66; Capdeville, forthcoming.
88 West 1997, 46–47; Flower 2008, 25, 51, 78–79, 90–91.
89 Iliad 1.69; Odyssey 15.525–34; Aesch. Prometheus 484–99.
90 De div. 1.107–108. The dispute is not so easily resolved in Livy 1.6.4.
91 Linderski 1986; Schilling 1992, 94–96.
92 TLE, 807, 810, 821, 835.
93 Steingräber 1984, 289, Tomba degli Auguri (Augurs); 299–300, Tomb della Caccia e Pesca
(Hunting and Fishing); and especially 315–316, Tomba dei Giocolieri (Jugglers), which
depicts a pair of black birds fl ying toward an unusual plant and a scene of a man defecating,
all most likely referencing an omen.
94 Roncalli 2010, 123.
95 Maggiani 2005, 66–69.
96 Roncalli 2010, 122–124.
97 de Grummond 2002.
98 Oppenheim 1977, 207–209.
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Beard, M., North, J. and Price, S. (1998) Religions of Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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