- chapter 46: Music and musical instruments in Etruria –
4 Meucci 1989.
5 Petretto 1996: 39–45; Berlinzani 2007: 16–21; Alexandrescu 2010: 34–35, 45–46.
6 See Alexandrescu 2010: 362–364 and Holmes 2010 for discussions of the archaeological
evidence for cornua in Etruria and Alexandrescu 2008: 165–167 for a discussion of the
instruments in the British Museum.
7 Alexandrescu 2008: 167.
8 Alexandrescu 2010: 363.
9 Alexandrescu 2010: 366–367.
10 Bonghi Jovino 2007.
11 Holmes 2008. To his list of sources can be added an early sixth century bce krater from
Cerveteri (Martelli 1987: 289–291, no. 85) and the hunting scene in Tomba Querciola 1
(Steingräber 2006: 156).
12 Holmes 2008: 245.
13 Jannot 1974 gives a full treatment of the subject.
14 Martinelli & Melini 2010 and Martinelli 2007: 29–35.
15 Sutkowska 2010.
16 Sutkowska 2010: 82–83. A similar issue can be observed in depictions of salpinges (Holmes
2008: 249).
17 Jannot 2010.
18 Jannot 2010: 183, Fig. 5.
19 For a discussion of musical instruments on situlae see Bermond Montanari 1999.
20 Fleischhauer 1964: 36, 44, nos 12, 20; Martinelli 2007: 22–23.
21 Jannot 1979: 471. See Sarti 2010 for a recent overview of string instruments in Etruria.
22 Lawergren 2007: 120–121.
23 Martelli 1987: 262–263, no. 38.
24 Lawergren 2007.
25 The instrument is sometimes called cradle kithara in English (the equivalent of the German
term Wiegenkithara, French term cithare en berceau and Italian cetra a culla), but, following
the argument put forward by Lawergren (1984: 156; 1993: 58–59), the more specifi c term
cylinder kithara will be used here to avoid it being confused with other round bottom lyres
(for examples of other such lyres see Lawergren 1984: Figs 10–14).
26 Lawergren 1984: 171.
27 Lawergren 1993: 59.
28 Jannot 1979: 473, 478; Del Papa 2010: 217, Fig. 2, nos 7–10.
29 Jannot (1979: 489–492) gives four examples. Lawergren (1993: 58, n. 20) has expressed
doubts about them and in his most recent article only discusses Tomba della Pulcella and Tomba
della Fustigazione (Lawergren 2007: 124, Fig. 5) the latter of which Jannot did not have in his
list. See Sarti 2010: 187–188 for further examples.
30 Lawergren 2007: 122, 127; Sarti 2010: 188.
31 See Carrese 2010: 265–268 for a survey of the available evidence.
32 Carrese 2010: 231.
33 Brocato and Buda 1996: 86–87; Carrese 2010: 268, tab. 3.
34 See Brocato and Buda 1996: 87, n. 74 for a list of occurences of crotala in the tombs of
Tarquinia.
35 Swaddling 2009.
36 Rasmussen 1995.
37 Iozzo 2009.
38 Pallottino 1975: 155; Fleischhauer 1980: 288; For an example of an opposing view see
Lawergren 2007: 133, n. 2.
39 Ath. 4.184a; Diod. Sic. 5.40; Isid. Etym. 3.21.3; Poll. Onom. 4.85; Serv. 8.526; Alexandrescu
2010: 34.