- Ulf R. Hansson –
introducing new subject matter, techniques, and shapes. Both the a globolo scarabs and
the ringstones are fi rmly rooted in the Etruscan glyptic tradition but could be seen as
successful attempts to attract new customer groups, whether still Etruscan, Italic, Roman
or Romanized. These classes of gems became popular outside Etruria, production soon
included engravers active in other parts of central and southern Italy, and the enduring
infl uence of Etruscan gem-engraving on the artistic output of later Italic and Roman-
Republican workshops can be studied for a considerable period of time.^32 In the third and
second centuries bce, the fi xed ringstone replaced the scarab gem as the most popular
shape, and workshops were rapidly being established in various parts of Italy, notably
in Campania and Latium, and later at Aquileia in the north, founded in 181 bce. The
earliest gems found at Aquileia are in fact a globolo scarabs.^33 But very few, if any, purely
Etruscan workshops would still have been active after the mid-second century bce.^34
NOTES1 For example, Zazoff 1983: 215–217 and refs; Spier 2000. For Etruscan gems in general,
see Zazoff 1968, 1983: 214–259; Richter 1968: 173–213; Martini 1971; Boardman 1975:
37–45; Krauskopf 1995; Martelli and Gilotta 2000; Hansson 2005; Zwierlein-Diehl 2007:
81–97; Ambrosini 2011.
2 Boardman 1991.
3 Martelli 1981; Devoto 1990; Fábry 2009; Giovanelli 2012.
4 For engraving techniques, see for example, Boardman 1970: 379–382; Devoto and Molayem
1990: esp. 192–206.
5 Most gems with a known archaeological fi nd context come from tombs, both male and female
burials. The fi gure 2,600 gems is based on an inventory of known collections. The actual
number of surviving gems may of course be much higher.
6 For example, Zazoff 1968: 20.
7 Berges 1997: nos. 461, 490, 573, 574, 592, 641, 642, 657, 658, 770.
8 Martelli 1981.
9 Ambrosini 2011: 74–77 EDP 1–10.
10 For an overview of earlier scaraboids and sealstones in amber and serpentine, see Giovanelli
2012.
11 Chiesa 2009.
12 Phillips 1978.
13 For example, Hölbl 1979, II, nos. 36, 39, 126f., 226 and passim; Bartoloni et al. 2000: 137–
140 nos 92–108.
14 Martelli and Gilotta 2001: 455.
15 Boardman 1968: 173; 1970: 145, 152f.
16 We owe this attribution to Peter Zazoff (for example, 1968: 17–24, 1983: 215–217).
17 For the most recent list see Spier 2000: 333f.
18 Spier 2000.
19 Podere San Cerbone, tomb 13. Notizie degli scavi, 1908, 202.
20 Zazoff 1968: 30.
21 Ambrosini 2011.
22 For example, Krauskopf 1995: 5–19; 1996: 413; Ambrosini 2011.
23 For example, Krauskopf 1995: 11; 1996.
24 Pod. San Cerbone, Tomba del Bronzetto di un Offerente, Notizie degli scavi, 15, 1961: 63–67.
25 For example, Krauskopf 1995: 5–19; 1996.
26 Zazoff 1968: 118–141; 1983: 241–247; Hansson 2005; Zwierlein-Diehl 2007: 93–95.