commercial exchange, 411 – 14 ; gifts, 412 – 13 ;
household production, 410 – 11 ; organization of
production, 407 – 10 ; reciprocity, 411 – 14 ;
redistribution, 411 – 14 ; tools of the trade see
textile industry processes; uses of fabrics,
398 – 403 , 401 ; wool and linen, 396 – 8 ;
workshops, 410 ; see alsofashion
textile industry processes: cleaning, rolling and
stretching, 404 ; dyeing, 405 ; fulling, 406 , 409 ;
horizontal and vertical looms, 406 ; plucking,
403 – 4 ; spinning, 404 – 5 , 407 – 8 , 410 ; warping
the loom, 406 ; weaving, 405 , 406 , 407 , 408 ,
409 , 410
textual evidence: administrative texts see
administrative texts; Archaic Texts, 72 , 80 , 81 ,
112 , 397 ; cadastral texts, 60 ; cuneiform texts see
cuneiform texts; Elam, 569 – 71 ; fourth
millennium BC, 158 ; genres, 99 , 113 ; historical-
literary traditiosn, 502 – 4 , 569 – 71 ; land survey
texts, 62 ; legal texts, 113 , 278 ; literary texts, 247 ;
Old Babylonian period, 203 ; proto-cuneiform,
111 , 113 , 115 , 291 , 292 , 293 ; Proto-Elamite period,
564 ; Sacred Marriage, 239 – 40 ; settlement
patterns (Sumer and Akkad), 135 , 143 , 147 ;
trade, 448 – 9 ; Ur (Sumerian city-state), public
buildings, 193 – 4 ; western Syria and Sumer
connections, 489 ; see alsoevidence; information
sources
theogomic (divine-divine) unions, 228
Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) (c. 2112 – 2004 BC),
33 , 55 , 116 ; administration, 300 – 2 ;
administrative texts, 215 – 16 ; aftermath, 143 – 5 ;
agriculture and land management, 55 – 65 ;
archaeological sites, 41 ; cities, 169 – 70 ; clergy,
251 ; craft industries, Sumerian and Akkadian,
400 , 401 ; ‘cultivators,’ 60 – 1 , 62 , 65 n; death and
burial, 425 ; fashion, 390 – 2 ; grain shipments,
48 ; homes, 350 ; hydraulic landscapes and
irrigation systems, 43 ; Magan trade, 592 ;
mathematics, 310 ; Neo-Sumerian royalty, 230 ,
231 ; people and state, 281 ; and physical
geography, 16 , 27 , 28 ; royalty, images of, 203 ,
205 , 211 , 221 ; Sacred Marriage, 232 ; scribes, 34 ,
300 – 2 ; seals in, 337 – 8 ; and Second Dynasty of
Lagash, 122 – 4 ; settlement patterns (Sumer and
Akkad), 150 , 151 ; trade, 449 ; trade in, 456 – 7 ;
and Ur city, 192 – 3 ; women in, 371 – 4
third millennium BC, 33 , 68 , 156 , 173 , 306 , 309 ,
321 , 397 ; chronological chart, 501 ; chronology,
501 ; city-states, 567 ; comparative plans, 171 ;
cuneiform tablets, 56 , 57 ; homes, 158 , 347 – 50 ;
interaction spheres, 574 ; north Mesopotamia
in, 462 – 76 ; numeracy and scribal training,
310 – 11 ; trade in, 452
Thornton, C.P., 600 – 19
Tigris River: agriculture and land management,
57 ; alluvial lowlands/fluvial system, 68 , 69 , 70 ,
71 ; hydraulic landscapes and irrigation systems,
33 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 47 ; joint Tigris–Euphrates
channel, 40 ; and physical geography, 14 , 16 ;
settlement patterns, 151 ; Uruk Expansion, 83
time, 311
Tinney, S., 239
titular sacerdotal clergy, 248 – 62
topographic modeling, 135
Tosi, M., 614
trade, Sumerian World, 447 – 61 ; Agade period,
455 ; colonies, 450 ; Euphrates route, 453 , 456 – 7 ;
everyday life, 354 – 5 ; Gulf route, 454 , 456 ,
457 – 8 ; imported goods, 458 – 9 ; Indus valley,
454 , 456 ; Southeast and Iran, 453 – 4 ; Southern
Gulf route, 456 ; standard, 448 ; Susa and Iran,
455 – 6 , 457 ; in Third Dynasty of Ur, 456 – 7 ; see
alsoBronze Age trading system; industries,
Sumerian and Akkadian
transliteration, 98
transportation networks, rivers and canals as,
48 – 9
Tremblay, X., 571 , 573
Tullul al-Hammar/Banrat al-Hassan canal, 23
Turaba–Abu Dakar, 24
Turkey, Taurus Mountains, 79
typology, 112 ; mythology, 437 – 42Ubaid Culture, 560 , 561
Ubaid period (c. 6500 – 3800 BC), 89 n; bi-modal
settlement structure, 73 ; hydraulic landscapes
and irrigation systems, 37 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 50 ; and
physical geography, 19 , 22 ; settlement patterns
(Sumer and Akkad), 136 ; and Uruk period, 72 ,
73
Ubil-Eshtar, scribe of, 322
UD.GAL.NUN (writing system), 100 , 118 , 299
uh
̆musˇ(professional group who escort corpse to
grave), 426
Umma city, 27 , 73 , 142 ; hydraulic landscapes and
irrigation systems, 40 , 41 , 45 , 46 , 49 ; land
management, and agriculture (Ur III period),
60 , 65 n; settlement patterns, 140 , 145 , 151
Umm al-’Ajaj, 160
Umm al-Aqarib, 162 , 164
Umm al-Marra, 485–– Index ––