water: alluvial waters seealluvial waters/plains;
distribution, broad patterns, 40 – 2 ; drainage,
southern Iraq, 13 ; and function of the rite, in
Sacred Marriage, 240 – 1 ; as provider of
abundance, 33 ; roles/functions, 33 – 4 , 50 ; supply
of seewater supply; see alsocanals; Euphrates
river; Tigris River
water buffalo, 175 n
watercourses, 40 , 142 – 3
water supply: and agriculture, 46 – 8 ; layout,
42 – 6 , 44
waterways, 20
weavers, 405 , 406 , 407 , 408 , 409 , 410
Wengrow, D., 632
Westenholz, A., 121 , 122 , 370
Westenholz, J.G., 246 – 71
Western Syria, cultural developments seecultural
developments, Western Syria and Middle
Euphrates Valley
wetlands, 38
wet-nurses, 367
White Temple complex, Anu Precinct, 76 , 78 , 89 n
Whiting, R., 317 n
whorls, 397 , 404 , 405
Widell, M., 55 – 65
Wilcke, C., 368
Wilkinson, T.J., 33 – 51 , 74
winds, 20
Winter, I., 212 , 219 , 241 , 346 , 427
Wittfogel, K., 35 , 50
women: and agency, 359 – 77 ; under Akkadian
rule, 369 – 71 ; in cult/ritual, 361 , 362 ; in Early
Dynastic city-states, 363 , 364 , 365 – 8 ; fashion,
379 – 82 , 387 – 8 , 389 , 398 ; gender categories and
status, differentiation, 361 ; iconography, 361 ; in
Late Uruk period, 360 – 3 ; low social status, 367 ,
372 , 423 ; “pigtailed,” 361 ; royal, 202 , 221 ; in
Third Dynasty of Ur, 371 – 4
wool, 396 , 397 – 8 , 402
Woolley, L., 350 , 351 – 2 , 385 , 419 , 428
word classes, 102 – 5
word lists, 113
word order, 96
word structure seemorphology
World Systems theory (WST), Wallerstein, 447 ,
562 , 612 , 613
Wright, H., 38 , 43 , 69 , 74 , 89 n, 136
Wright, H.T., 23
Wright, R.P., 395 – 417
writing/writing systems, 97 – 9 ; conception, 292 – 3 ;
first scribes, 291 – 2 ; language represented by,
292 – 3 ; origins of writing, 99 , 111 , 112 , 360 – 1 ;
persons using writing, 293 – 4 ; training in
writing, 113 ; written records, 99 – 101 ; see also
scribesyear names, 311 – 12 , 316 – 17 n
Yoffee, N., 89 nZabalam, 140
Zagros Mountains, Iran, 13 , 14 , 15 , 35 , 79
Ziggurats, 193 , 194 , 195
Zimmermann, T., 506
zirru-priestess, 251 – 2 , 269 n–– Index ––